Braking methods on skis. Types of braking on skis. We stop on the slope in the right place

Types of braking on skis .

Braking when going downhill is a necessary measure to reduce speed. Typically, cross-country skiers travel the course without braking. Braking has to be resorted to in the event of an unexpected obstacle, a fall of the competitor in front, interference from spectators, due to poor preparation of the track or an insufficient level of preparedness of the athlete.

Plow braking It is used on slopes of various steepness, on hiking trips and on walks. This is the most effective method, which allows you to significantly reduce speed on a slope or even stop, but it is rarely used in ski racing - the strongest skiers practically do not use it.

Plow braking is performed as follows. When descending in the main stance, the skier springily straightens his legs at the knees and, slightly “throwing” his body up (relieving the pressure on the heels of the skis), with strong pressure, sliding the skis with his heels to the side. The skis rest on the inner ribs (edges of the skis), and their tips remain together; the knees are brought together, the body weight is distributed evenly on both skis, and the torso is slightly leaned back, and the arms take the position as when descending in the main stance. Increasing the angle of the skis and placing them more on the edges significantly increases braking.

Braking training is carried out according to the generally accepted scheme (story - demonstration - explanation), then students imitate movements in this method of braking. First, out of the blue, after showing and telling, schoolchildren take a working position several times (the “plow” position) and perform springy half-squats. The teacher checks the correctness of the accepted position. Then, on a moderately steep slope, students take turns braking, taking a position immediately after starting to move at the top of the mountain, and maintaining this position until the end of the descent or until they stop.

Having mastered uniform braking, you can move on to regulating the braking force by spreading or bringing the heels of the skis together. Next, they improve braking on the mountain, marked with landmarks that indicate the part of the slope traversed without braking, the place of its beginning, end or complete stop. By changing these distances, you can make the task more difficult or easier, depending on the preparedness of the students.

Then the students perform braking at the command of the teacher. Gradually, you can move on to improving braking on steeper slopes and on descents with changing terrain. When studying this method of braking, schoolchildren most often encounter the following:errors : crossing ski toes; skiing flat, not on the edges; uneven pressure on both skis, which leads to a change in direction of movement; insufficient spread of ski heels; knees are slightly bent and not brought together, etc.

To correct mistakes, take the “plow” position again several times on level ground. Further, “plow” braking is repeated and improved on slopes of varying steepness, with changing terrain and varying depths of snow cover. You should pay attention to firmly holding the skis in the “plow” position, especially the toes, in order to avoid them colliding with each other.

Stop braking more often used when descending obliquely. The skier transfers his body weight to the upper (sliding straight) ski, and puts the lower one in the stop position: the heel is to the side, the toes are held together, the ski is edged on the inside edge. Increasing the angle of abduction and tilt of the ski increases braking. Throughout the entire braking, the body weight remains on the ski sliding straight (top), although a partial transfer of body weight to the ski that is in stop will lead to a change in the direction of movement, i.e. to turn with emphasis. This method is sometimes called “half-plough” braking.

Students who have mastered plow braking well usually easily master stop braking. When studying this method, you must first imitate the movements while standing still, taking the described positions several times. The learning methods and errors encountered when braking with a stop are similar to the errors encountered when braking with a plow. In the future, schoolchildren must master braking on slopes in both directions (from different legs).

Braking by side sliding (turning skis) used when the athlete needs to stop and go further down the slope, achieving lateral sliding by edging the skis.

Braking is performed as follows. When descending obliquely, the skier squats slightly, then straightens up with a rather sharp push forward, removing the load from the skis, placing them flatter and moving the heels of the skis to the side with a lateral movement of the ankle joints. This is helped by the counter rotational movement of the torso and shoulders, as well as additional support on the stick. After moving the backs of the skis to the side, the amount of braking force depends on the angle of the skis: for sharp braking or even a complete stop, you need to place the skis across the slope and steeply on the edge. To study side-slip braking, lead-in exercises are used to turn on parallel skis from a stop. When teaching girls this method of braking, it is necessary to avoid very steep slopes.

When driving down a slope at high speed and unexpectedly appearing obstacles, it sometimes becomes necessary to brake sharply or even stop. If the distance to the obstacle is too short, the only way to prevent a collision isdeliberate fall . A controlled fall will reduce the possibility of injury and allow you to quickly get up and continue moving. Before falling, you need to sit down and then fall (gently “falling”) back to the side - on your hip and on your side. At the same time, the skis should be turned across the slope. It is better to scatter your hands with sticks up the slope. From this position, sitting down and then leaning on poles, it is easy to get up and, turning your skis, continue moving down the slope.

If the skis are crossed when you fall, you need to turn over on your back, raise your legs up and bring the skis to their normal position. Then turn over on your side again (skis across the slope) and stand up. In exceptional cases, when braking with skis is impossible (on a hiking trip, on a walk - in deep snow cover), and falling is impractical, skiers can use pole braking (one on the side, two on the side, two between the skis). These methods will help to slightly reduce the speed in case of unforeseen circumstances. In cross-country skiing, such braking methods are not used.

Braking

Mastery of all braking methods allows you to intelligently regulate the speed of descent and quickly stop in the desired place.

Rice. 86.

Semi-plough braking (one-sided stop) is practiced mainly when descending obliquely down a slope. To brake, the heel of the ski, located lower down the slope, is moved to the side, and the ski is placed on its edge; the second ski glides in the direction of travel.

For sharper braking, it is necessary to press the heel of the boot to move the back of the lower ski even further, place it steeper on the edge and increase the pressure (Fig. 86).

Rice. 87

Plow braking (double-sided support) is used on slopes of medium and low steepness during straight descents: holding the toes together, spread the heels of the skis to the sides and place the skis on the inner ribs, which is achieved by bringing the knees closer together and transferring the weight to the heels. To enhance braking efficiency, you should move the ski pads further apart and place them more steeply on the inner ribs (Fig. 87).

Rice. 88

Braking with poles is used when descending obliquely to a slope or during a straight descent. To do this, you need to stick the poles folded together with their pins into the snow and, increasing the pressure, slow down the movement. The hand closest to the slope clasps the stick from above. and the other is below (Fig. 88). Braking with poles between the legs is not advisable for a number of reasons, including the possibility of breaking the poles.

Stopping by falling is used in emergency cases when you need to quickly stop the descent. To do this, you need to squat down as low as possible and fall to the side, throwing your arms and poles back, spread out, put your skis across the direction of descent and, resting them on the snow, slow down further sliding. A typical mistake is falling without first grouping the body, which can lead to bruises (Fig. 89).

Rice. 89. Stopping by falling: a - squatting before falling; b - the position of the fallen skier at the moment of stopping.

Turns

A heavy backpack on your back and fastenings that do not provide rigid fixation of the boot do not allow you to use turns, which are widespread among skiers. Tourist skiers use the simplest Turns: stepping, from the position of a plow and half-plow.

Stepping turns are used at low speeds on gentle slopes and in any type of snow cover. It is reminiscent of a skating motion, with stronger thrusts being made with the foot positioned on the outside of the turning arc. To do this, you need to transfer the weight of your body to the ski, which will be “outside” when turning, and sit down slightly on it, pull up and turn the other ski in the desired direction, transfer the weight of your body to it and, sliding on this (inner) ski, pull up the other one. Stepping in motion can be done by moving to the side not the toe, but the heels of the skis. This method is usually used when moving in forests and bushes.

Rice. 90. Turning with a semi-plough (on the left) and a plow: a - the beginning of loading the ski; b - continuing to increase the load on the ski until the turn is completed.

Turning from the plow position (Fig. 90) is usually used after slowing down the speed of descent on moderately steep slopes for any type of snow. To turn, for example, to the left, you need to transfer the weight of your body to your right leg, place the ski steeply on the edge, and unload the left one and, pulling up the heel, place it parallel to the right one.

Turning from a semi-plough position (Fig. 90) is performed at higher speeds and steep slopes, when the direction of movement must be changed in smooth turns. It is more convenient to start from the descent obliquely to the slope: the heel of the unloaded “upper” ski should be moved to the side, the ski should be placed on the edge and the weight of the body should be transferred to it, and the “lower” ski should be placed flat on the snow and the heel should be pulled up, due to which the turn is carried out .

Getting up after falling while going downhill. Tourist skiers must learn to get up after falling on the slopes. The first rule is that the help of comrades to a fallen person, especially a woman, is obligatory.

Rice. 91. Getting up when falling on a slope with dense snow: 1 - the poles are grabbed by the hand from below; 2 - the same from above.

When falling on slopes with deep and loose snow cover, when relying on poles does not have an effect (they fall into the snow under load), it is best to remove the backpack, turn around so that the skis are lower than the body and perpendicular to the line of the slope, group the body and, leaning stand on poles placed together on the snow, shake off the snow and put on a backpack; attempts to stand in such conditions without taking off the backpack are usually unsuccessful and a lot of effort and time are wasted.

On a slope with hard snow, you should pull your skis to your body, firmly rest them on the snow and, leaning on poles folded together, climb up (Fig. 91). Strong skiers do this without removing their backpack.

Ski braking is used to regulate the speed of descent and stops by placing the skis on the edges at an angle to the direction of movement. The braking force depends on the angle, the degree of edge of the skis and the pressure on the snow. Depending on the direction and conditions of the descent, you can brake using a plow or side sliding on straight descents, as well as a semi-plough (stop) or side sliding on oblique ones. While recommending certain methods of braking, we, however, do not limit skiers from using them at their own discretion.

Braking, especially at high speeds, takes a lot of effort. Therefore, they are most often short-term, and the skier selects the most suitable one. Of all the techniques, side slides on parallel skis are the most effective. But they are not always applicable. Therefore, we will consider different methods of braking.

Plow braking. In the plow, the skis form an angle with the heels spread out to the sides. The bisector of this angle coincides with the direction of movement, which is achieved on a straight descent by evenly loading the skis. The plow compacts the snow, cuts it and moves it, increasing friction and causing braking. The magnitude of the braking forces is determined by the width of the plow and the degree of ski tilting.

To make it easier to place the skis in the plow position, they are unloaded using a jump (Fig. 35). Typically, placing the skis on the edges corresponds to the angle of the plow, but options due to lateral movements of the knees and feet are also acceptable. Since holding the plow requires a lot of muscle tension, it is recommended, if possible, to keep the foot, shin and thigh in the same plane, perpendicular to the sliding surface of the ski.

Rice. 35. A slight jump (unloading the skis) makes it easier to accept the plow

To better maintain the position of the plow, the skier's body should be straight, the ends of the poles should be spread apart. With strong edging, the ski tips tend to move apart, which reduces the braking effect. When the skis are set flat, on the contrary, the toes come together more easily, but braking is also reduced. Therefore, it is necessary to skillfully adjust the angle of attack (edging) so that the skis can crush the shifted snow and at the same time achieve the maximum braking effect.

When going down in the plow, by reducing the pressure and edging, you can return the skis to a parallel position, but to get out of the plow faster, it is advisable to jump.

It is useful to start mastering the plow with imitation exercises on level ground, spreading and bringing the heels of the skis apart with each jump. In this case, it is necessary to ensure that the legs, if possible, do not occupy an X-shaped position, but bend and unbend at the knees in the direction of the toes of the skis.

When practicing the plow in motion, pay attention to the symmetry of the track and the clarity of transitions from one position to another (Fig. 36). Finishing the exercise with a stop on the slope, you should vigorously transfer your body weight to one of the skis with the heel slipping sideways and turning it across the slope. The upper ski is placed in a parallel position.

Rice. 36. Unevenness in the loading and tilting of skis in the plow leads to sliding towards a flat-lying and less loaded ski

Stop braking. Unlike a plow on a straight descent, resistance to movement at stop is provided by only one ski, placed at an angle to the direction of movement. Let's call it a stop ski: its heel moves away, it moves forward slightly and turns onto the inner edge. The other ski, also slightly edged, carrying most of the skier's weight, will be the lead ski. As the heel moves away, the back ski receives additional load and begins to cut off a layer of snow, tending to turn, and the leading ski, due to its edge, counteracts it. The ratio of ski loading and tilting depends on the need to create a particular braking force and the condition of the snow.

When pushing, the torso is mainly above the leading ski and the supporting leg is bent more than the supporting leg. The poles are held according to the position of the skis (Fig. 37).

Rice. 37. Stop braking

Stop braking in an oblique descent differs from braking along the slope line and is usually carried out by the lower ski. Here, the body weight is first transferred to the upper ski on the slope in order to create counteraction to the lower ski, which is pulled back at point-blank range. To achieve the desired braking effect in certain conditions, the leading ski can lie flat or even be edged on the inside edge. The steepness of the slope and the direction of descent will be the deciding factors in this case.

On gentle slopes it is sometimes convenient to brake with the top ski. The skier's posture and the position of the skis are very similar to a plow on an oblique slope.

In the process of improving the plow and stop, the skier must learn, by manipulating his weight and the edging of the skis, to freely move from one method of braking to another, taking into account changing conditions of the descent and minimal fatigue.

Imitating resistance exercises on the spot helps you quickly master them. Combinations with elastic flexion-extension of the legs, stops with the upper and lower skis lead the skier to the next stage - mastering turns on parallel skis in various ways, in particular, entering the turn from a plow or stop.

Lateral slip. Side-slip braking on parallel skis is used in both straight and oblique descents. It is better to learn lateral sliding on a relatively steep slope from a traverse position; it is enough to lower the valley edges of the skis and the downward lateral movement will begin - it is called lateral sliding in contrast to sliding. In such slides, the feeling of edge and loading of skis along their length is worked out. In the section on the interaction of skis with snow, we already talked about the influence of the edge angle and ski loading on the movement during a side slide. It would be appropriate to repeat here: a flat-lying ski will slide down faster with the loaded part, and an edged ski will do the opposite: the loaded toe or heel will slow down more strongly, and the unloaded part will slide down. Only after having practiced well in place, it is advisable to move on to practicing sliding while moving.

In order to place the skis across the movement of the straight descent and force them to slow down by sliding, the skier eases them by flexing and extending his legs, giving rotation to his legs and skis. For faster action, a good skier only needs one flexion - in a moment of relief, his legs rotate the skis (or shift his heels), and his torso turns compensatory with his chest away from the slope. This technique requires less space and time than extension-flexion (Fig. 38).

Rice. 38. Transition from free descent to side-slip braking

With the skis positioned across the stroke, sliding is replaced by lateral sliding with braking, which forces the athlete to take the corresponding position with lateral bending; First, the upper ski is more loaded, and then the lower one. When stopping, the skier can lean on the lower pole to avoid capsizing.

To transition to side sliding in an oblique descent, simultaneously with a flatter setting of the skis, their heels are shifted under the slope, and the torso compensatory turns even more with its chest into the valley. The greater the heel offset and the stronger the edge, the more vigorous the braking. The skier's attention is focused on loading the skis so as not to go from slipping obliquely into a turn towards the slope or, conversely, down the slope.

The side-slip stance is very close to the oblique descent stance, it differs only in the lower edge of the skis, which increases sharply at the moment of stopping.

The perfection of lateral sliding (Fig. 39) is demonstrated in the picture by one of the luminaries of alpine skiing in the recent past, Otmar Schneider (Austria). By reducing the edge of the skis during a turn on parallel skis, he adjusts the curvature of the arc in order to bypass the shaft at the desired point and at the desired angle.

Rice. 39. Edging the skis during the main phase of the turn leads to lateral sliding, as when descending obliquely

Going down the hilly slopes, worn out by “tourists”, the master, using lateral slips interspersed with sliding, masterfully overcomes them. The improvement of combination techniques is truly limitless. This is how one of the varieties of freestyle was born - going down a hilly slope. The ability to combine sliding and side sliding is useful for all athletes, as well as judges involved in the preparation of courses.

Exercises in oblique and straight slips in combination with sliding, lateral heel drops with “cutting” edges and other techniques require precise work of the knee and ankle joints. There are many options here. It is very important for a skier to be able to measure lateral displacement with longitudinal sliding, to learn a subtle perception of the deformations of the snow under the skis. So, if a side slip occurs on heavily edged skis, then it is advisable to call it a “hard slip”, and if on skis lying almost flat, it is called a “soft slip”. In the first case, the braking will be noticeable, in the second it will be more like smoothing snow with less loss of speed.

When learning lateral slides, you must always remember that they are auxiliary techniques that make it easier to overcome slopes in some critical situations, and make the mechanism of turns on parallel skis more versatile.

I would like to emphasize that at this stage of mastering slipping and sliding, the student’s abilities and athletic prospects become especially visible. The ability to slide, the feeling of snow, dosed loads, balance - these are elements of talent. One should not miss the opportunity to “grope” for techniques that are easily learned by the student, to take into account his personal qualities: the predominance of cowardice over courage, passivity over activity, inertia over aggressiveness. This is how the foundation for further specialization is implicitly laid.

By how boldly a skier moves from sliding to side sliding, vigorously placing his skis across the stroke and vice versa, you can see what he is capable of. However, this does not mean that we should immediately give up on the “weak” - many qualities are profitable if you develop them, as they say, wisely. Even the boundaries of innate courage are expanding - it grows with technical improvement.

The coach should also remember that a combination of sliding and sliding elements will constantly be encountered when mastering turns on skis. Among the most commonly used are the transition from soft sliding to sharp edging in pre-turns or when stopping at the end of an arc. Mastering the transitions from straight descents to braking or turning will teach you to feel the effect of the inertial forces that arise during this: in braking - from a decrease in speed, in turns - from centripetal acceleration. Therefore, you should not sit too long on braking exercises, but boldly move on to the next stage.

Stop braking

Stop braking is more often used when descending obliquely. The skier transfers his body weight to the upper (sliding straight) ski, and puts the lower one in the stop position: the heel is to the side, the toes are held together, the ski is edged on the inside edge. Increasing the angle of abduction and tilt of the ski increases braking. Throughout the entire braking, the body weight remains on the ski sliding straight (top), although a partial transfer of body weight to the ski that is in stop will lead to a change in the direction of movement, i.e. to turn with emphasis. This method is sometimes called "half-plow" braking.

Slide braking

Braking by side sliding (turning the skis) is used when the athlete needs to stop and go down the slope, achieving lateral sliding by edging the skis.

When driving down a slope at high speed and unexpectedly appearing obstacles, it sometimes becomes necessary to brake sharply or even stop. If the distance to the obstacle is too short, the only way to prevent a collision is to deliberately fall. A controlled fall will reduce the possibility of injury and allow you to quickly get up and continue moving. Before falling, you need to sit down and then fall (gently “falling”) back to the side - on your hip and on your side. At the same time, the skis should be turned across the slope. It is better to scatter your hands with sticks up the slope. From this position, sitting down and then leaning on poles, it is easy to get up and, turning your skis, continue moving down the slope.

Braking with sticks

Used in cases where it is impossible or irrational to brake with skis. This method allows you to slow down only slightly, for example, to avoid hitting a skier in front of you coming down the slope. To brake, the poles are vigorously pressed against the snow, being sure to hold them with their rings (paws, segments) back and closer to the body. The braking effect depends on the amount and duration of pressure on the poles. When they are separated from the snow, the braking effect ends.

Drop braking

Plow braking(Fig. 29) is used on slopes of various steepness, on hiking trips and on walks. This is the most effective method, which allows you to significantly reduce the speed on the slope or even stop, but it is rarely used in cross-country skiing; the strongest skiers practically do not use it.

The teacher checks the correctness of the accepted position. Then, on a moderately steep slope, students take turns braking, taking a position immediately after starting to move at the top of the mountain, and maintaining this position until the end of the descent or until they stop.

Having mastered uniform braking, you can move on to regulating the braking force by spreading or bringing the heels of the skis together. Yes - r is. 29. Braking with a plow

They further improve braking on a mountain marked with landmarks that indicate the part of the slope traversed without braking, the place of its beginning, end or complete stop. By changing these distances, you can make the task more difficult or easier, depending on the preparedness of the students.

Then the students perform braking at the command of the teacher.

Gradually, you can move on to improving braking on steeper slopes and on descents with changing terrain. When studying this method of braking, schoolchildren most often encounter the following mistakes: crossing the toes of their skis; skiing flat, not on the edges; uneven pressure on both skis, which leads to a change in direction of movement; insufficient spread of ski heels; knees are slightly bent and not brought together, etc.

To correct mistakes, take the “plow” position again several times on level ground. Further, “plow” braking is repeated and improved on slopes of varying steepness, with changing terrain and varying depths of snow cover. You should pay attention to firmly holding the skis in the “plow” position, especially the tips, in order to avoid them bumping into each other -

Braking is stubborn(Fig. 30) is more often used when descending obliquely. The skier transfers his body weight to the upper (sliding straight) ski, and puts the lower one in the stop position: the heel is to the side, the toes are held together, the ski is edged on the inside edge. Increasing the angle of abduction and tilting of the ski increases braking. Throughout the entire braking, the body weight remains on the ski sliding straight (upper), although partial

transfer of body weight to the ski, which is in support, will lead to a change in the direction of movement^ i.e. to turn with emphasis. This method is sometimes called “half-plough” braking.

Students who have mastered plow braking well usually easily master stop braking. When studying this method, it is necessary to first imitate the movements while standing Fig. 30. Braking with a plow in place, taking several

once described provisions. Training methods and errors encountered when when braking with emphasis, similar to errors, meeting when braking with a plow. In the future, schoolchildren must master braking on slopes in both directions (from different legs).

Side slip braking(turning skis) is applied, when the athlete needs to stop and get down further along the slope, achieving lateral sliding by edging the skis.

Braking is performed as follows. When descending obliquely, the skier squats slightly, then quite sharply push straightens forward, removing the load from the skis, placing them flatter and moving the heels of the skis to the side with a lateral movement of the ankle joints. This is helped by the counter rotational movement of the torso and shoulders, as well as additional support on the stick. After moving the backs of the skis to the side, the amount of braking force depends on the angle of the skis: for sharp braking or even a complete stop, you need to place the skis across the slope and steeply on the edge. To study side-slip braking, lead-in exercises are used, which are used to turn on parallel skis from a stop. When teaching girls this method of braking, it is necessary to avoid very steep slopes.

When driving down a slope at high speed and unexpectedly appearing obstacles, it sometimes becomes necessary to brake sharply or even stop. If the distance to the obstacle is too short, the only way to prevent a collision is deliberate fall. A controlled fall will reduce the possibility of injury and allow you to quickly get up and continue moving. Before falling, you need to sit down and then fall (gently “falling”) back to the side - on your hip and on your side. At the same time, the skis should be turned across the slope. It is better to scatter your hands with sticks up the slope. From this position, sitting down and then leaning on poles, it is easy to get up and, turning your skis, continue moving down the slope.