How do judges work in biathlon? How it works: Swimming competition Ski marking judges

On Sunday, November 24, in Östersund (Sweden) starts olympic biathlon season. Continuing to present the main characters of the biathlon lists, we cannot ignore the judging corps, the unsung heroes of every start. International judge Vladimir Bragin helped us understand the responsibilities of each of them.

TECHNICAL DELEGATE

The technical delegate is the main representative of the judiciary, the organizer and ideological inspirer of all competitions. He advises organizers during the preparation and conduct of competitions and monitors compliance with competition rules. During the race, the technical delegate is at the epicenter of events all the time: he checks the readiness of the sports facility, controls the markings, the start area, the firing line and the finish area. In contact races (mass start, pursuit and relay), he is always present at the start and ensures that all technical details are observed.

MAIN JUDGE

The chief judge is the main workhorse and is fully responsible for the conduct of the competition. All senior judges and all personnel serving the competition report to him. Just like the technical delegate, he controls the most critical areas of the race, paying particular attention to the start area, shooting range and finish area. The head referee must always be aware of everything that is happening at the stadium. Its location depends on the weather, type of race and number of participants.

JUDGE AT THE START

He stands, looks at his watch, then at the athlete, then again at his watch... According to the new rules, the duties of the starting judge do not include giving hints to the starting athlete. With an electronic timing system, he only controls the departure of the athlete, and the athlete himself leaves the start, focusing on the electronic watch. He can go three seconds before or after his start time, and the referee controls when he opened the start gate and whether he stayed within that interval. The starting time automatically records the movement of the wicket. If manual timing is used, then the judge gives the athlete the command “15 seconds to start”, and five seconds later he places his hand in his way and counts down to zero.

JUDGES UNDER MATERIAL CONTROL

Material control is a test of an athlete’s readiness for the start, which is sometimes very unpleasant for him and comparable to control at the airport. Material control is carried out by a senior judge and two teams of two people subordinate to him. One team is engaged in marking weapons, and the other is engaged in marking skis. In the relay, pursuit and mass start, when there is a large crowd of people in the starting town, the number of teams is doubled. A separate important point at international competitions is advertising verification. According to the rules of the International Biathlon Union, part of the advertising space is assigned to IBU sponsors, and part is given to national federations. At the World Cup stages it is handled by an international referee who attends all stages of the Cup, including the World Championship.

Before the start, athletes receive electronic transponders that will record their time at all control points. Another team is responsible for issuing chips, which includes two judges and a secretary. At the mass start and pursuit race, two teams are responsible for issuing chips to avoid delays at control. After this, the athletes go to the last control two minutes before the start. The passing of the last control is recorded by the judge and secretary, and the international referee at the same time checks all issues related to advertising, and in case of violation of advertising rules has the right not to allow the athlete to start. Such a case happened with the Latvian athlete Madara Liduma, who was not allowed to start the individual race during the World Championships in Khanty-Mansiysk for violating the advertising rules.

JUDGES AT THE RUBE

In sprint and individual race Athletes choose their own targets. They usually do this depending on where they are sighting, but also take into account changing wind direction and lighting. The first to 15th targets are intended for prone shooting, and the 16th to 30th targets are intended for stand-up shooting. In the mass start and relay at the first shooting line, athletes occupy the position in accordance with their start number, while in the pursuit at the first stage, athletes occupy the targets in order of arrival. At this time, a technical delegate stands at the entrance to the line and calls out the serial number, and the senior judge at the line controls and prompts that the athletes take positions strictly one after another, and that no “hole” is formed between them. Typically, one judge will take settings from 1 to 15, and the other will take settings from 16 to 30.

JUDGES ON THE TRACK

Under no circumstances should judges on the course show athletes how to complete the distance correctly, because the route is already clearly marked enough and signs are placed at all forks. The athlete should not be able to lose the distance. After the scandalous case of "Bjoerndalen - Chudov" on championship peace in Korea, when several athletes at once violated the dotted markings, all dangerous places are blocked by a solid line so that biathletes do not have the opportunity to complete the distance incorrectly. But if the athlete himself has lost the distance, then the judge should not stop him or point out that he is going wrong. Controllers on the track record only the correct or incorrect completion of the distance by the athlete. Also, these judges are responsible for the correct marking of the distance, the presence of all signs and markings.

JUDGES AT THE FINISH

At the finish line of the competition there is also a group of judges who, in addition to electronic timing, also keep manual timing. This redundant system exists at all stages World Cup And championships peace in case of technical problems with electronic timing. At the exit from the mixed zone, athletes are met by a senior judge in the finish area and first of all conduct a safety check. The senior judge also checks the ski markings applied at the start. Then the athletes go to a special stand, where they remove the transponders and completely unload the rifle there. The athlete leaves the finishing control with a completely unloaded weapon in order to avoid accidents. He must do the same after the shooting is completed.

COMPETITION OFFICE

In addition to the judges located on the track and the turn, the competition office, headed by the chief secretary, performs painstaking work. Office workers are responsible for all paperwork, which includes receiving applications from teams, preparing referee meetings the day before the starts, drawing lots and distributing athletes into starting groups, preparing final protocols and updating the overall competition standings.

SALARY

Judges receive pay at their main place of work not related to refereeing. Most Russian judges simultaneously work as coaches, sports officials, and directors of biathlon arenas. For Russian specialists, the main source of salary is the sports committees of the regions to which they are attached and the Biathlon Union Russia. International judges serving the stages World Cup, are provided by the organizing committee of the competition, which fully pays for their travel, accommodation and meals and provides daily allowances in accordance with the standards approved by the IBU (usually up to 100 euros per day). At major international competitions there are four international category judges and national category judges provided by the organizing committee.

3.10.3. On the day of the competition, ensures the preparation of the ski stadium, marking of distances, placement of controllers, signs and laying of the ski track, if it was not laid in advance or there is a need for re-laying. The head of the courses must complete the preparation and equipment of the distances no later than 30 minutes before the start.

3.10.4. During competitions, the head of the tracks supervises the work of the inspectors, monitors the condition, markings and equipment of the tracks and takes measures to eliminate deficiencies. Responsible for maintaining order on the tracks during competitions, monitoring the compliance of participants with the rules for completing the distance.

3.10.5. The head of the tracks is obliged to immediately take measures to provide assistance if he becomes aware of an accident on the track with any of the participants. If at the end of the competition it becomes known that any of the starting participants did not finish and did not report that they left the race, the head of the tracks, together with a representative of the corresponding team, is obliged to immediately take measures to search for the missing person.

3.10.6. The head of the courses has the right to remove from the competition a participant who is clearly not prepared for it, if the continuation of the race threatens his safety, health or the safety of other participants, which he must inform the chief judge and the chief secretary of the competition.

3.10.7. Each of the deputy heads of tracks performs the same duties and enjoys the same rights on his track as the head of tracks.

3.10.8. The required number of deputy heads of courses is determined by the number of distances at which competitions are held simultaneously (on the same day). If competitions are held on the same track, no substitutes are appointed.

3.10.9. The number of assistant track directors is determined by the length of the tracks on which competitions are held simultaneously (on the same day). Every 5 km of the distance must be controlled by one assistant course manager.

3.10.10. The number of controllers is determined by the features of the ski slopes (complex distance profile, closed wooded area, presence of descents, ascents, etc.).

3.10.11. Each of the controllers monitors the participants’ compliance with the rules for passing the sections of the route to which he is assigned.

3.10.12. The controller, on the instructions of the head of the course, keeps a protocol of the participants’ passage of the distance, registers cases of violation of the rules of the competition related to the passage of the distance. If for some reason the controller was unable to record the number of the participant who passed the checkpoint, it is necessary to make a note about this in the protocol.

3.10.13. At the direction of the head of the tracks, the controller is obliged to take part in the preparation and equipment of the tracks on the day of the competition and the removal of this equipment after their completion.

3.10.14. The controller monitors the serviceability of the route and its equipment in his area, if possible takes measures to eliminate faults and maintains order in his area.

3.10.15. The controller is obliged to immediately take measures to provide assistance if he becomes aware of an accident on his site, and must participate in the search for the missing participant.

3.10.16. The controller has no right to leave his control point or section of the track without the permission of the head of the tracks.

3.10.17. At the end of the ski race, the head of the course or his deputy is required to inspect the course for the last participant, remove the controllers, collect and check control sheets and report to the chief judge about the closure of the course.

3.11. Commandant of the competition

3.11.1. The competition commandant supervises the work of the service personnel, is responsible for maintaining order on the territory of the jumping hill and ski stadium, and prepares places for spectators, the press and television.

3.11.2. Provides colorful decoration of the territory of the jumping hill and ski stadium where competitions are held.

3.11.3. The competition commandant is responsible for the design of the opening, awarding and closing ceremonies of the competition.

3.11.4. Provides design of stands for posting announcements, posters, start protocols, urgent information materials, jumping board certificates, ski slope profile diagrams, wind direction and speed, air temperature and humidity, snow, etc.

3.11.5. Controls the preparation of communication and information means and their location.

3.12. Ski jumping judge panels

The following teams of judges are appointed for ski jumping competitions:

springboard preparation and maintenance team;

team of judges at the start;

a team of judges to measure the length of ski jumps;

a panel of judges to evaluate ski jumping technique;

Information Judges Panel;

team of secretariat judges.

3.13. Senior Judge and Information Judges

3.13.1. The Senior Information Judge supervises the work of the team of information judges and is responsible for information at competition venues.

3.13.2. Organizes information on the radio about the progress and results of competitions for spectators, participants, and press representatives.

3.13.3. Coordinates the work of informant judges with the chief judge, the secretariat and the judges of the award team.

3.13.4. The informant judge gives the necessary explanations for these competitions, comments on them, conveys information about intermediate results, and announces the final results, which are presented to him by the secretariat.

3.13.5. The informant judge must have a good knowledge of the rules of ski jumping and Nordic combined, and also have information about the most promising participants in the competition, about whom he provides brief information and sports results. Periodically, the informant judge makes official announcements presented to him by the main panel of judges of the competition.

3.13.6. The judge-informant provides information during ceremonial procedures (opening, closing, awarding, etc.).

3.13.7. Depending on the rank of the competition, the senior information judge may be the deputy chief information judge.

3.14. Senior judge at the start

The senior judge at the start is responsible for the safety of ski jumping. He is on the judge's tower. After receiving signals from the senior judge at the measurement and from his assistant at the take-off table that the springboard is ready, the senior judge at the start gives permission to the next participant to start with a sound signal, traffic light or flag.

3.15. Assistant Chief Judge at the start

The assistant chief judge at the start is located on the take-off table. After completing the next jump, having made sure that the acceleration mountain and the springboard take-off table are in good working order, he gives the senior judge at the start a signal that the springboard is ready by raising a flag above his head.

3.16. Start Judge

3.16.1. The start judge is located at the starting area of the springboard and is responsible for ensuring that the jumpers start in the order of the starting protocol from the starting area established by the jury and respect the starting time.

3.16.2. The starter calls the athlete in a timely manner to prepare for the start. After the jumper has taken the starting position, the starter informs the competition director that he is ready to start.

3.16.3. To prevent a false start, the starter judge must close the acceleration track until the time the start flag opens.

3.16.4. In case of violation of the starting time, the starter returns the jumper back from the starting area and petitions the panel of judges for disqualification.

3.16.5. If the jumper is not present at the start, or the jumper deliberately delays starting readiness, he immediately reports the violation to the panel of judges for a decision.

3.16.6. There must be a radio or telephone connection between the starter, the chief judge at the start and the informant judge.

3.16.7. Before the start of the competition, the starter judge must receive information from the chief secretary about changes in the starting protocol.

3.17. Senior judge for measuring ski jump length

3.17.1. The senior measurement judge supervises the work of the team of judges related to measuring the length of ski jumps.

3.17.2. The senior measurement judge is responsible for:

correct placement of markings (footage) on both sides of the landing mountain;

accurate measurement of the ski jump distance of each athlete;

placement of measuring judges and scorekeepers in accordance with these rules for recording the length of jumps.

3.17.3. During the competition, the senior measurement judge is on the landing mountain, controls the work of the measurement judges and, having received information from them about the length of the jump, reports it to his secretary, by radio to the secretariat and to the audience.

3.17.4. Replaces untrained or poorly qualified measuring judges.

3.17.5. After performing the next ski jump, making sure that the landing hill, the rollout and the stopping area are in good condition and free, the senior measurement judge gives a signal by radio or by raising a flag above his head that the springboard is ready.

3.17.6. The senior measuring judge must instruct the measuring judges and secretaries before the start of the competition.

3.18. Secretary of the senior judgeby dimension

3.18.1. The secretary is located next to the senior measurement judge and, under his control, keeps a protocol for recording the length of the participants’ jumps.

3.18.2. At the end of a series of jumps, the secretary of the senior measurement judge transfers the completed and signed protocol for recording the length of the jumps to the chief secretary.

3.19. Jump length judges

3.19.1. Measurement judges are in their areas determined by the start by the measurement judge, located in prepared places behind the meter markings on one side of the landing hill, opposite to the location of the judge’s tower.

3.19.2. The measuring judge records the landing location of the jumper, determines the length of the ski jump (if the athlete landed on his area) and reports information about the length of the jump to the senior measuring judge.

3.19.3. Each jump distance judge must control only his own zone - a section no more than 3 m long (at the World Cup and other major competitions - up to 2 m).

3.20. FIS Control Judges

3.20.1. At international and republican competitions, at the proposal of the main panel of judges and in agreement with representatives of the participating teams, 3 (6) additional controller judges are appointed to determine the correctness of measuring the length of ski jumps (FIS judges).

3.20.2. FIS controller judges are located behind the measuring judges and control a certain section of the landing mountain from point P to point K.

3.20.3. The task of the FIS Control Judges is to approve the length of the jump shown by the measuring judge and, in case of incorrect measurement, to determine the exact length of the jump.

3.20.4. Officially appointed FIS controller judges are required to supervise the measurements of the length of jumps by measuring judges in the areas assigned to them during official training and competitions.

3.20.5. If the FIS Control Judge perceives incorrectness or insufficient qualifications in the actions of the measuring judge on his control section, he must ask the senior measuring judge to immediately replace the measuring judge.

3.21. Ski jumping technique judges

3.21.1. Ski jumping technique judges evaluate the performance of jumps from the moment the skier-jumper takes off from the edge of the jumping table and until he crosses the safety line at the springboard run-out in accordance with the rules and instructions for judges.

3.21.2. Each judge evaluates the ski jump technique independently. He does not have the right to confer with anyone and correct the grade given.

3.21.3. The judge assessing the jump technique must be guided by these rules and follow the instructions of the Russian College of Judges, and have a valid judge’s book with him.

3.22. Cross-Country Judging Panels

The following teams of judges are appointed for cross-country skiing competitions in combined events:

a team of judges for the preparation and maintenance of the ski stadium and slopes;

team of secretariat judges;

Information Judges Panel;

team of judges at the start;

panel of judges at the finish line.

3.23. Senior judge at the start

3.23.1. The senior judge at the start (starter) supervises the work of his team and controls the implementation of the rules of the competition at the start and during the handover of the relay.

3.23.2. When conducting biathlon competitions according to the Gundersen system, the team of judges at the start includes two starters (one of them is senior) and two assistants for releasing participants with even and odd numbers from the start.

3.23.3. The starter controls that the competition participants start according to the starting numbers strictly according to the time determined by the starting protocol. If the start is taken incorrectly, the starter returns the competitor to the starting line to restart.

3.23.4. The starter checks the ski markings.

3.23.5. The starter is subordinate to the ski marker and his assistant.

3:23.6. The ski marker marks only one pair of skis for each event in the Nordic Combined program. In team competitions (relay race), he marks the skis for the participants of each stage in a different color according to the color of the numbers.

3.23.7. To start the participants from the start, the starter must have at least two chronometers. The start time is determined by one of them, and the other is a reserve in case the main one stops. The chronometers at the start must work synchronously with the chronometers at the finish.

3.23.8. Each starter starts as follows:

being on the left, on the side of the starting participant, for 10 seconds. before the start, gives the participant the command “Attention!”; in 5 sec. before the start, holding his hand on the participant’s shoulder, he begins to count: “1 - March!”;

if auto-timing is used, an acoustic signal must be given;

the starting clock must be installed in such a way that the starting competitors with even and odd numbers can clearly see it;

if the start is taken incorrectly, the starter returns the participant with the command “Back!”

3.23.9. When manually timing before the starter's starting command, the athlete's feet must be on the starting line, poles in front of the line; When auto-timing, the athlete’s feet should be as close to the starting line as possible.

3.23.10. In team biathlon competitions (relay race, sprint), the starter simultaneously serves as a judge in the relay handover area. Ensures that the relay is passed in the appropriate zone. If the rules for handing over the relay are violated, the starter returns the offender to the handover zone.

3.23.11. At the end of the start or handover of the relay in team competitions, the starter hands over the completed and signed start protocol and protocols for the handover of the relay at the stages to the senior judge at the finish.

3.24. Starter assistant

3.24.1. The starter's assistant, being in front of the start line (10-15 m), lines up the participants (odd or even numbers), whose time is approaching the start, checks the compliance of the equipment and equipment (overalls, numbers, etc.) with the requirements of the competition rules, the presence of markings on skis and organizes the exit of athletes to the start line.

3.24.2. In team competitions, working in the relay handover area, the assistant starter lines up the participants in advance to receive the relay in accordance with the rules. When the athletes passing the baton approach, the assistant starter is located opposite the participants of the next stage and calls them to enter the transfer zone.

3.25. Starter Secretary

3.25.1. The starter’s secretary registers the starting participants in the competition.

3.25.2. After the start is closed, the signed start protocol indicating the number of starting participants is handed over to the chief secretary by the starter’s secretary and the chief judge at the finish is informed about this.

3.25.3. In team competitions, working in the relay handover zone and being at the entrance to it, the starter’s secretary registers the participants of the next stage of the race.

3.26. Ski marking judges

3.26.1. At Nordic combined competitions, starting from the regional scale, before the start of individual and team competitions (relay, sprint), both skis of each participant are marked.

3.26.2. The marking of skis is carried out by a marking judge at the entrance to the starting corridor; after marking, the participants immediately go to the start (with the exception of the first stage of team combined competitions, held according to the Gundersen system, where marking is carried out in advance).

3.26.3. The secretary makes a note in the start protocol about the marking and passes the protocol to the judge at the finish, who checks the presence of markings.

3.27. Senior judge at the finish

3.27.1. The senior judge at the finish supervises the work of the refereeing team, controls the implementation of the rules regarding the finish and determines the exact time of completion of the distance by the participants.

3.27.2. The senior judge at the finish must ensure that the refereeing team is ready to receive participants no later than 10 minutes before they arrive at the finish.

3.27.3. The senior judge at the finish relieves the refereeing team from work only after all the competitors have finished, or when he becomes aware that the athletes who did not finish have left the race.

3.27.4. At the end of the competition, the senior judge at the finish hands over the completed and signed protocols of finish, timing and registration of participants to the chief secretary.

3.28. Judges at the finish line

3.28.1. The first judge at the finish (records the finish of the participants) is on the finish line, to the left of the finishing participants, and records the moment of the finish of the athletes with the exclamation “Yes!” and a wave of the flag. If two or more athletes finish at the same time, he marks the moment of their finish with the exclamation “There are two!”, “There are three!” etc. and wave the flag.

3.28.2. The second judge at the finish (records the order of arrival of the participants) is located to the left of the first judge at the finish and records the order of arrival of the participants to the finish, calling the athlete’s number.

3.29. Assistant referee at the finish line

The assistant referee at the finish line is located 10-15 m from the finish line and loudly (preferably through a megaphone) calls the numbers of the competition participants approaching the finish line.

3.30. Secretary of the judge at the finish

The secretary of the judge at the finish (records the finish) is located to the left of the judges at the finish, registers the order of participants’ arrival at the finish line and transfers the completed and signed finish protocols to the senior judge at the finish, who checks them with the records of the finish sheet of the secretary-timekeeper, through the liaison judge, the finish sheets transferred to the secretariat.

3.31. Timekeeper Judge

3.31.1. The timekeeper judge carries out his activities in close contact with the chief secretary of the competition.

3.31.2. To receive participants at the finish line, the timekeeper must have at least two timekeepers. The finishing time is determined one by one, the rest are reserves.

3.31.3. Before the start of the start, the timekeeper judge must make sure that his chronometers work synchronously with the starter judge’s chronometers.

3.31.4. The timekeeper is located on the finish line, to the side of the finish line, opposite the judges at the finish. It determines the finish time of the participant at the moment the judge at the finish line shouts “Yes!” As the next participant approaches the finish line, the timekeeper calls out the elapsed hours and minutes, and after the exclamation “Yes!” - seconds (if the elapsed hours and minutes have not changed since the finish of the previous participant, they may not be named).

3.32. Secretary of the timekeeper

The secretary of the timekeeper is located to the right of the timekeeper and records the finish time of the participants; hand over the completed and signed timing protocols to the senior judge at the finish.

Note. In case of an error in the results in the protocol, the entry is not erased, but crossed out with one line for control; the new result is written down next to it and certified by the secretary’s signature on the same line.

4. PLACES AND ORDER OF SKI JUMPING COMPETITIONS. CALCULATION OF RESULTS (According to FIS RULES)

4.1. Ski jumping board

Standards for diving board design

Geometric elements of the springboard (diagram 1)

e is the acceleration length from the highest starting point to the beginning of the lift-off table;

es is the length of the starting zone;

t is the length of the tear-off table;

g is the angle of the straight part of the acceleration;

a is the angle of the lifting table;

r1 is the radius of the transition bend from the acceleration to the lift-off table.

Landing zone profile:

T - edge of the tear-off table (= origin of the coordinate system);

s is the height of the lift-off table;

P - the beginning of the landing zone;

K - design point (critical point);

L - end of the landing zone;

U - the end of the transition bend and the beginning of the rollout zone;

w is the nominal size of the springboard as the distance between the edge of the lift-off table and the design point K;

h is the height difference between the edge of the lifting table and the point of the structure K;

n is the horizontal distance between the edge of the tear-off table and the design point K;

hp is the height difference between the edge of the lift-off table and the beginning of the landing zone P;

nр - horizontal distance between the edge of the lift-off table and the beginning of the landing zone P;

Zu is the height difference between the edge of the tear-off table and the lowest bending point r2;

l1 - bend length P-K;

l2 - bend length K-L;

l3 - bending length of the landing zone P-L;

a is the length of the roll-out zone;

bо - tangent of the profile angle of the springboard landing zone at the base of the take-off table;

bp - tangent of the angle at point P;

b - tangent of the angle at point K;

bL - tangent of the angle at point L;

rL - radius of the landing zone;

r2 - radius of transition bend from L to U;

b1 - prepared acceleration width;

b2 is the width of the springboard landing zone at the base of the take-off table;

bк - width at point K;

bA is the width at the end of the transition bend and the beginning of the rollout.

Judge's tower:

d - horizontal distance between the edge of the take-off table and the middle of the lower point of the referee's stand;

q is the horizontal distance from the front of the referee tower to the center line of the springboard;

f - height difference between the edge of the take-off table and the floor - the lowest point of the judge's stand.

4.2. Classification of trampolines according to their size

The size of the jump is classified according to the distance to the K point. The following classification applies:

small springboard
medium springboard
normal springboard
big springboard
ski jump

Large jumps whose height Zu exceeds 88 m will not be certified by the FIS.

If a new double springboard design is being built, then the difference in w between the normal and large jumps must be at least 25 meters.

4.2.1. Profile description (diagram 1)

The Ski Jumping Committee provides standards and formulas for the geometric elements of the ski jumping platform. Information can be obtained by contacting the International Ski Federation FIS CH-3653 Oberhofen.

4.2.2. Overclocking

The acceleration consists of a straight section with an angle gamma, connected to r1, and from a straight lifting table with length t and angle alpha. The starting zones must be above the es zone.

4.2.3. Landing zone profile

The landing zone profile should consist of the following components: starting from the bottom of the take-off table, the entire landing zone, the transition bend and the roll-out zone.

4.2.4. The beginning of the landing zone starts from the bottom point of the lift-off table with height s, below the lift-off angle, with a slope b0 and ends at point P with a slope bp. Preparation of the landing zone profile under the jumper's take-off point (forehead) should provide good landing conditions for athletes jumping both short and long distances.

4.2.5. The landing zone from P to L has a round shape, determined by the radius rL. The radius begins at point P with tangent bp. At points K and L, the tangents of the angles are and bL, respectively.

4.2.6. The bend from the landing zone to the roll-out can be either clothoidal or rounded.

4.2.7. The rollout must provide sufficient space for braking and stopping. There should be a “counter-slope” on the rollout. There may be slopes and bends on the rollout.

4.2.8. The following requirements for the springboard are mandatory and must be taken into account when preparing it for competitions.

The ratio of the wind speed v0 in m/s (= km/h: 3.6) to the length in meters is estimated.

t = 0.25 Vo (indicative estimate)

s = 0.025 W (approximate estimate)

Width of prepared springboard areas

bi = 1.5 m for w< 30 м

bi = 1.0 m + w/60 for 30 m< w < 74 м

bi = 2.25 m for 75 m< w < 99 м

bi = 2.50 m for w > 100 m

Landing and roll-out area:

b2 = 0.06 w, minimum 3 m;

bR = 0.20 w, minimum 6 m;

bA = 0.22 w, minimum 6.5 m.

4.3. Requirements for a diving board design that ensures both competition and safety

4.3.1. Overclocking

The acceleration must be constructed in such a way as to ensure the required speed V0, thanks to which the maximum jump length can be achieved. These acceleration path conditions should determine the location used. The marking of the starting fences es must be equal for the distance between them and the height should not exceed 0.60 m for each starting point. In addition, each starting tower must have a number, provided that the first number is given to the lowest starting tower. The prepared snow cover must correspond to the depth of the snow on the profile boards (guides). Safety railings 0.5 m high must be installed on the outside of the guides. The minimum position of the railings should start from the start (top) of the transition bend r1 and up to 1 m from the corner of the lift-off table. The distance between the railings and the prepared width b1 should not exceed 25 m in total width.

It is necessary that the area inside the railing is empty and clear of any structures that could cause harm to the fallen athlete. The tops of almost all places should have brightly colored outer railings. In addition, the top corner of the safety railing should be tapered and rounded at the bottom to provide additional safety at the beginning of the railing.

4.3.2. Landing zone

From below the take-off table, the entire width of the landing slope should be covered with snow. The area must be clear of any obstructions and all movable devices must be removed while the jump is in use.

Installing handrails on both sides of the landing zone is necessary for the safety of a fallen jumper or to stop a flying ski. The railings should be 0.7 m high above the profile of the prepared snow cover. The minimum position of the handrails in the landing zone should be from 0.5 w to the middle of the transition bend. The height of the snow profile, as well as distance indicators, must be marked on the railings. In addition, the railing must be parallel to the profile of the landing ramp. It is necessary that the area inside the railing is empty and clear of any structures that could cause harm to the fallen athlete.

4.3.3. Referee towers

The stands for 5 judges must be divided into booths with a minimum width of 0.8 meters and a depth of 1.2 meters. The stands should rise in steps towards the take-off platform in accordance with the flight path. The height difference between the balustrade and the floor of the stands should be 1 meter. The stands must be made so that the judge does not see the notes of his colleagues. The stands for the competition manager and other officials must be constructed in such a way as to prevent the possibility of being distracted, distracted, or interfering with the duties of other judges.

In the case of a double springboard with one roll-out, the construction of two judge's towers can be avoided if the difference between the two K-points is not more than three meters. The tower must be built on the side of the smaller jump. The location of the tower and judge's stands is calculated according to the horizontal distance from the takeoff and according to the height standards of the larger springboard. However, the horizontal distance must not be less than the minimum distance specified for the small diving board.

4.3.4. Coaches' Tribune

For the installation of a springboard on which international competitions are held, it is necessary to erect a suitable stand that will provide a good view of the first phase of the jump for twenty coaches.

4.3.5. Springboards used at the 3D Olympics and the World Championships must be equipped with lifts for jumpers.

4.3.6. At the OWG, CHML, CHMLP, JCHML, KMPT, there must be a heated area near the acceleration area, sufficient to accommodate 20 athletes.

4.3.7. Artificial turf jumps

The Jumping Subcommittee sets limits on the construction of artificial turf jumps specifically for the main structures and coverage of the acceleration, landing and run-out areas. The standards are based on the latest technical developments. These are available to the Chairman of the Jumping Subcommittee, who can also present planning projects and homologation forms for plastic-coated jumps.

4.3.8. Flight jumps

Special rules are required for flying jumps. The construction of new or reconstruction of used ski jumps begins only after approval by the FIS.

The following requirements and restrictions must be taken into account:

H:n should be at least 0.60 m for w greater than 170 m;

The maximum value of V0 is 29 m/s;

The height difference between the corner of the tear-off table and the lower point of the transition bend from K to the rollout plane should not be more than 130 m;

The width of the landing slope in K (bk) must be at least 0.18 w.

4.4. Springboard approval

For all-Russian competitions, according to the calendar of the Russian Ski Jumping and Nordic Combined Federation, only springboards that are currently approved by the Russian Ski Jumping and Nordic Combined Federation and have an official ski jumping certificate can be used.

The standards for small and medium jumps may deviate from the standards.

4.5. Installation of measuring devices

4.5.1. Jump length

Length indicators are installed on both sides of the landing zone at a distance from 0.5 w to 1.05 w. To correctly install the indicators, you need to use a tape measure to measure the distance from the two outer sides of the take-off edge along the entire landing slope to a point equal to 50% K (the value of w, rounded to the nearest full meter). From this point, indicators are installed on both sides of the slope at a distance of 1 meter from each other.

To use a technical system for measuring jump length, approval by the Russian Ski Jumping and Nordic Combined Federation is required.

4.5.2. Acceleration speed

Devices for measuring the acceleration speed V0 are installed as follows:

The measured distance is 8 meters;

The second beam of the photocell is installed 10 meters before the separation edge;

The photocell beam should be 0.2 m above the snow profile level.

For competitions according to the FIS calendar, where the distance to the K-point is greater than 75 meters, acceleration speeds must be measured during training and competition.

4.5.3. Wind speed and direction

The measuring devices must be located transverse to the height of the optimal flight path. Instruments recording data should show individual values, not averages.

These instantaneous corresponding values are clearly shown in the judging tower. Two measurement points are installed on normal springboards (10 m from the edge of the take-off table and at a distance of 70% to point K) and three points for large and flying jumps (from the edge of the take-off table and at a distance of 50 and 100% to point K). In addition to these devices, 8 flags are installed at flight altitude on each side of the springboard.

4.5.4. Start permission and start time control

4.5.5. Three phase system

At ZOI, CHML, CHMPL, as well as at KMPT and GPPT, start permission and control over the starting time is carried out using interconnected three-color traffic lights (red, yellow, green) and an electronic clock that starts counting automatically, depending on the set starting rhythm programs.

At the "red" stage, the clock counts down from the set point to zero, second by second. At the next, “yellow” stage (the athlete takes the starting position on the starting tower), a direct countdown is carried out, and at the earliest after 10 seconds the traffic light switches to green.

The starting time begins and ends in 5 seconds. The light automatically switches to red and the start procedure is repeated for the next jumper, the yellow and red signal periods must be clearly visible on the start signal to the competitor. The period of the red, as well as yellow, signal can be manually extended, but the yellow phase should not exceed the maximum duration (usually 45 seconds). After the maximum duration has elapsed, the device automatically switches to red, disrupting the starting procedure, which should start from the beginning.

How it works: swimming competitions

Why does a pool judge need a bell, and an athlete need a barcode?

Zonal swimming championship in Syktyvkar. Chief judge of the competition Valentina Podrezova told a KomiOnline correspondent what principles are used for competitions in this sport.

There are four swimming strokes used in competitions: freestyle, backstroke, breaststroke and butterfly. People sometimes talk about a “complex style,” but this is a misconception. Complex is a type of swimming in which all styles are used in turn. The most spectacular type of program at any competition is the relay race. Distances are divided into short (50 and 100 meters), medium (200 and 400 meters) and long (800 and 1500 meters).

Competitions are held in short (25 meters pool) and long (50 meters) water, and in both cases, separate standards are established for performing sports categories. Becoming a winner in a fifty-kopeck pool is considered more prestigious than in a quarter-ruble pool. Competitions are also held in open water, but that’s a completely different story.

Athletes are selected for competitions according to various criteria. For example, men no younger than 2001 and women no younger than 2003, holders of the first adult category and above, are allowed to participate in the zonal championship this year. Before starting, you must undergo a medical examination and obtain a doctor’s permission.

The competition program and daily schedule, as a rule, do not change for years and depend on the level of competition. The Syktyvkar championship is held in two days, and the swimming program at the World Championship stretches for more than a week. The swims are distributed so that the athletes have time to rest and recover before the next distance. Therefore, for example, the men's 50 and 100 meter freestyle finals are not held on the same day.

A large team is involved in organizing and conducting competitions. Thus, there are about 20 judges working at the ongoing zonal championship. The chief judge (competition director) organizes the starts, checks the readiness of the premises and equipment, and distributes judges to individual areas of work. The referee is directly responsible for the competition, decides on the disqualification of a participant or team, overturns the decisions of the judges, resolves disputes and considers protests.

The starter gives the command to start the race. During the distance, swimmers' compliance with the rules is monitored by swimming technique judges (they are located on each side of the pool). The turn judges therefore ensure that the correct turn is performed. On long distances, they show participants special digital signs to tell them how many pools they still have left to swim to the finish line.

When a stayer swimmer has two pools left to complete the distance, the judge gives a warning signal (traditionally this is the ringing of a bell).

A judge in front of the participants gathers the athletes before the start and checks their compliance with the competition rules. Participants' swimsuits, hats, towels and bags are subject to strict restrictions regarding promotional images, crests and logos. Participation in the races is only possible in certified race suits. You can determine whether a wetsuit is approved for use using a special QR code, which is on each model.

Introducing the participants to the audience, announcing the schedule and results of the competition is the task of the informant judge. The secretary is responsible for preparing the starting protocols and collecting information about the results. The informant and the secretary work side by side in a room proudly called the “competition control center.”

The refereeing team is constantly located near the pool bowl and can leave for rest only during the award ceremonies.

The panel of judges is assisted by the commandant, workers, volunteers, and electronics service specialists. An integral part of major competitions is video filming and television broadcasting.

During competitions, a doctor and an ambulance team are on duty in the pool - the stress on the body makes itself felt, and swimmers sometimes feel ill.

Before the start of the competition, swimmers must warm up. At major competitions, a separate warm-up pool is used for this purpose. Immediately before the swim, athletes also warm up on land.

To determine the strongest, preliminary, semi-final and final heats are held. The distribution of participants in the preliminary heats is based on the rating (formed based on the results shown over the last year). At the same time, the strongest participants are put in different heats - this adds entertainment and fuels interest: which of the favorites will be the winner? There are 16 participants in the semi-finals and eight in the final.

In each swim, the distribution of participants occurs according to the “wedge” rule - the strongest are placed in the central lanes (usually the fourth and fifth). It is believed that this gives some advantage over rivals.

Participants put all excess clothing in numbered baskets, and volunteers take them to a specially designated area.

Before the swim, the referee blows two whistles - an intermittent one and a long one, after which, with a hand gesture, he hands over the participants to the starter. After the command “Let’s start!” swimmers freeze - any movement is prohibited. Then the siren sounds and the swim begins.

Disqualification of participants occurs mainly due to false starts and violations of swimming technique. There are such funny formulations as “for dolphining in the breaststroke section.” Swimming rules change quite rarely, but the sport does not stand still, and in order to avoid misinterpretation, new official clarifications appear. So, after the International Swimming Federation (FINA) in Kazan banned the so-called “turn Ryan Lochte"in medley swimming.

In a pool, even such little things that are not noticeable at first glance, such as the color of the dividing cords between the paths, matter. The central paths are highlighted with yellow floats, the side ones - blue. The floats on the first and last five meters must be red. The 15-meter penalty mark is also highlighted in color. For spinists, cords with flags are installed across the pool. All this helps participants and judges navigate the distance. The water temperature is set within 25-28 degrees.

The results are recorded using an electronic timing system (the swimmer touches a special panel), a semi-automatic system (the judge presses a button) and a stopwatch. In the Syktyvkar basin, the finishing panels have quite a lot of chips, which are simply sealed, which, however, does not affect the performance of the system. The finish time is shown on the information board.

Doping control must be organized at zonal competitions, but in Syktyvkar it exists only on paper. For violation of certain rules, a team may be punished with a monetary fine or suspended from further competitions. A protest against the judge's decision can only be filed within 30 minutes after the end of the swim.

Photo by Evgeny Zhakov and Ivan Fedoseev

7.7. Test tasks/questions “Test yourself”

(the letter of the correct answer is indicated in the Appendix)
1. Define the concept of “ski slope”:

a) this is a distance (in km), the length of which complies with the rules of skiing competitions;

b) this is a specially prepared area of terrain for skiing;

c) this is a wooded recreation area suitable for skiing in winter.

2. Define the concept of “ski distance”:

a) this is the distance measured on the ski slope;

b) this is part of a ski track with a prepared ski track;

c) this is part of the terrain on which the ski track is laid.

3. Define the concept of “ski track”:

a) this is a snow slope prepared for skiing;

b) this is a well-rolled terrain along which skiers move;

c) this is a track for two skis, left after the passage of special machines (snowmobiles) or a group of skiers compacting and cutting the ski track.

4. How is the length of ski distances measured?

a) the number of sliding steps;

b) a measuring cord (tape tape) about 50 miles long with a distance meter;

c) the number of push-offs with sticks.

5. What activities are included in the preliminary preparation of trails during the snow-free period?

a) clearing the areas of the future route from stones, stumps, excessive vegetation, preparing descents and turns, building bridges (crossings) over ravines, streams and other obstacles;

b) maximum horizontal leveling of the terrain;

c) backfilling the route with fine gravel, crushed stone and compacting it.

6. Are ski tracks cut on the freestyle competition trails?

a) this is decided by the chief judge of the competition;

b) do not cut;

8. What is the minimum track width for freestyle skiing competitions:

9. How is the difference in height on the route determined?

b) by the distance between the base and the top of the last climb on the competition route (distance);

c) by the difference (in meters) between sea level and the highest point on the competition route (distance).

10. Explain what is the maximum climb on the track?

a) this is the difference (in meters) between sea level and the highest point on the competition course (distance);

b) this is the maximum height rise on the competition route (distance);

c) this is the sum of the heights of all climbs on the competition route (distance).

11. How is the amount of height difference determined?

a) by the difference (in meters) between the highest and lowest points on the competition route (distance);

b) by the difference in altitude between sea level and the highest point on the competition route (distance);

c) by the sum of the heights of all climbs on the competition route (distance).

12. Name the units for measuring slope steepness (according to FIS rules):

a) interest (%);

b) degrees (°);

c) meters (m).

13. Determine the steepness of the slope if its height is 20 m and its length is 100 m:

a) 20% (20/100x100);

b) 500% (100/20x100);

c) 0.05% (100/20x100).

14. How is the lifting height determined?

a) the distance between sea level and the highest point of the measured rise;

b) the horizontal distance between the highest and lowest points of one rise;

c) the vertical distance between the highest and lowest points of one rise.

15. List the main competition planning documents:

a) application for participation in competitions, medical certificate - admission to participation in competitions;

b) “Competition calendar”, “Regulations on competitions”, “Competition program”;

c) participant card, start protocol for competition participants.

16. What is the minimum composition of the main panel of judges in competitions of the 3rd category:

a) executive director of the competition, chief judge and chief secretary of the competition;

b) technical delegate, course director, competition doctor;

c) the chief judge of the competition, the chief secretary of the competition, the head of the tracks, the competition doctor.

17. How are competitions classified according to the nature of determining the championship?

a) test, preliminary, final;

b) personal, team, personal-team;

c) regional, all-Russian, departmental.

18. Indicate the composition of the team of judges at the start in competitions of the 3rd category:

a) starter, starter’s secretary;

b) ski marking judge, starter, starter’s secretary;

c) ski marking judge, ski marking judge’s secretary, starter, starter’s secretary.

19. List the main responsibilities of the course manager after the end of the competition:

a) remove the markings of competition routes and controllers;

b) organize additional meals at the finish line for the participants and judges of the competition;

c) send a snowmobile or at least two judges along the track, closing it after the start of the last participant.

20. Who ensures the search for the missing competition participant?

a) the head of the track together with a representative of the team of the missing participant;

b) chief judge and chief secretary of the competition;

c) head of the competition control and security service.

21. Who ensures the selection, preparation, measurement and marking of competition distances?

a) head of the competition control and security service;

b) the head of the route;

c) competition commander.

22. Which document contains the insurance policy number, signature and stamp of the doctor confirming the admission of each athlete to participate in competitions?

a) in the participant’s personal card;

b) in the start protocol;

c) in the application for participation in competitions.

23. Who certifies the collective application for participation in competitions?

a) the chief secretary of the competition before the draw;

b) the head of the organization with his signature and seal of this organization;

c) the chief physician of the sports dispensary with his signature and seal of the dispensary.

24. What start number and what start time will be entered on the competition participant’s card if it was raised 7th during the general draw, the start of the competition is at 11:00, the single start is after 15 s?

a) No. 7,11:01.45;

b) No. 7,11:07.00;

c) No. 7,11:03.30.

25. List the types of starts that exist in cross-country skiing:

a) single, double, triple, group;

b) single, double, group, general, pursuit start, open;

c) individual, team, mass.

26. Explain how the start at the second distance in the pursuit race is organized?

a) give a single start after 15 s, and the winner of the first race starts last;

b) the winner of the first race starts first with the judge's time included, followed by the second, third, etc. with an interval between participants equal to the time difference at the first distance;

c) start at the second distance - general.

27. How are places distributed in the final protocol among participants who showed the same result?

a) they occupy the same place;

b) places are distributed taking into account the starting number, a higher place is taken by the participant with a lower starting number, etc.;

c) the place in this group of athletes is determined by lot.

28. Explain how the winner is determined in the pursuit race?

a) by the sum of points received in two races;

b) according to the time of the second race;

c) the athlete who crosses the finish line first in the second distance wins.

29. Name the correct placement of skis on the starting line in individual competitions:

a) the toes of the skis must be on the starting line;

b) the heels of the skis must be on the starting line;

c) the feet (toes of ski boots) must be in front of the start line.

30. Indicate the maximum permissible temperature standard for skiing competitions in the Central zone of Russia:

31. Calculate the start time of the participant starting number 97, if the pair start is in 1 minute. Competition starts at 11.00:

32. Find the start time of the participant starting number 97, if the start is paired in 30 s. Competition starts at 11.00:

33. Determine the result of the competitor performing under number 26, if the start was solo in 30 s, and his finish time was 49.00 min:

34. How many people start in 1 minute with a single start in 30 seconds?

a) four;

35. Name the most popular ski competition in Russia:

a) Russian Cup;

b) “Russian Ski Track”;

c) Russian Championship.

36. How is the result determined in cross-country skiing?

a) the time it takes to cover the distance from start to finish - an objective assessment;

b) subjective assessment based on external impression - in conventional units;

c) mixed criteria for assessing sports results, when objective and subjective components are summed up.

a) two;

b) by three;

c) by four.

38. List the competitions that belong to the 3rd category:

b) all all-Russian competitions;

39. List the competitions that belong to the 1st category:

a) competitions on a district, district, city scale;

b) all all-Russian competitions (except for mass ones), as well as competitions in territories, regions, autonomous republics, the cities of Moscow and St. Petersburg;

c) competitions in sports clubs and physical education groups.

40. Who prepares the “Regulations on competitions”?

a) the chief judge of the competition;

b) chief secretary of the competition;

c) the organization conducting the competition.

41. Name the document that indicates the goals and objectives of the competition, the procedure for determining the winners and awarding them, the conditions for accepting participants, and the requirements for applications:

a) “Competition calendar”;

c) “Competition program.”

42. Name the competitions that belong to the 2nd category:

a) all all-Russian, except mass ones;

b) competitions of territories, regions;

c) competitions on a district, district, city scale and all-Russian mass competitions.

43. Name the document that, at major competitions, provides the composition of the main panel of judges, the time and place of the first meeting of team representatives, the schedule of official training and competition starts, the time and place of awarding the winners, the opening and closing of the competition:

a) “Competition calendar”;

b) “Regulations on competitions”;

c) “Competition program.”

44. Explain who draws lots for major competitions?

a) the draw is carried out by the chief secretary of the competition at the first meeting of team representatives;

b) the drawing of lots is carried out by the technical delegate at the jury meeting;

c) the draw is carried out by the chief judge of the competition at a meeting of the organizing committee.

45. What is the purpose of the draw for participants in the competition?

a) the winners and prize-winners of the competition are determined by drawing lots;

b) poorly prepared athletes are selected by lot;

c) the draw determines the starting order of participants in each discipline of a particular competition.

46. How is the starting protocol for competition participants drawn up?

b) based on the results of the draw (general or group);

c) the numbers of participants are distributed in accordance with the order in which applications for participation in the competition are received.

47. Define the type of draw without distinguishing separate groups of athletes depending on their sports qualifications:

a) group;

b) independent;

48. What type of draw is used at major competitions?

a) group;

b) independent;

49. With what accuracy are skiers’ results measured during competitions in one round?

a) up to a second;

b) up to tenths of a second;

c) up to hundredths of a second.

50. In what disciplines is the result measured with an accuracy of hundredths of a second?

a) in all disciplines included in the OWG and World Championships program;

b) in the ski relay;

c) in the ski sprint qualifying round.

51. Describe the duathlon competition.

a) this is a ski relay race;

b) this is a race over a distance divided into two equal parts, with a mandatory change of skis and movement style (first classic style, then free) during the competition (for example, 5 km + 5 km for women);

c) this is a ski sprint.

52. What places are up for grabs in the final “A” of the ski sprint?

a) from 5th to 8th;

b) from 4th to 7th;

c) from 1st to 4th.

53. What places are up for grabs in the ski sprint “B” final?

a) from 5th to 8th;

b) from 9th to 12th;

c) from 1st to 4th.

54. How is the result of a team in a relay race determined?

a) by the sum of places occupied by each team member;

b) based on the result of the participant in the last stage;

c) by the time between the general start at the first stage and the last team member crossing the finish line at the final stage.

55. List the main ways to sum up the results of team and individual competitions for a series of starts:

a) by the smallest sum of places or time of all qualifying participants in various types of programs, as well as by the largest sum of points for a place taken or for the result shown;

b) by the total number of starts of team members during the sports season;

c) by the total length of competitive distances of team members during the sports season.

56. Expand the method of summing up the results of the unofficial team competition at the Olympic Games:

a) according to the highest amount of points for places taken by team members (from 1st to 6th) in all disciplines of the program;

b) by the smallest sum of places occupied by all team members in various types of programs;

c) according to the least amount of time of team members who took places from 1st to 6th in all disciplines of the program.

57. How are the results of veteran skiers adjusted according to age coefficient?

a) dividing the result by the age coefficient;

b) multiplying the result by the age coefficient,

c) by summing the result and the age coefficient.
Recommended reading
1. Batalov A.G. Tables of equivalent results in cross-country skiing / Batalov A.G., Spiridonov K.N., Khramov N.A., Kubeev A.V. - M.: Physical culture and sport, 1999.

2. Batalov A.G. Electronic textbook on organizing and conducting cross-country skiing competitions “Orbita-2003” /Batalov A.G., Novoselov M.A., Shikunov M.I., Batalov P.A. - M., 2003.

3. Kuzin B.C. Organization and holding of cross-country skiing competitions / Kuzin B.S., Spiridonov K.N. - M.: RIO RGAFK, 1998.

4. Kuznetsov V.K. Fundamentals of organizing mass skiing competitions (Conducting and judging) / Kuznetsov V.K., Andreev AL. - Malakhovka: RIO MOGIFK, 1997.

5. Rules for cross-country skiing competitions 2001-2005. / under general ed. A.G. Batalova - M.: SportAcademPress, 2001.
Application
Correct answers to quizzes tasks/questions “Test yourself” (serial number of tasks/questions and letters correct answers)