Freediving is a technique for swimming underwater. Freediving is a diving technique. Breathing in freediving

Today we will talk about a very interesting and not very widespread topic - about freediving, and we will study. After reading this article, you will learn a lot of interesting things about this unique type of underwater diving.

Freediving Basics

So, let's start, probably, with a definition. What does this mysterious freediving mean? “Freediving” literally comes from the English word “free” - freedom and the word “dive” - to dive, respectively, together means free diving. What does it mean? Free diving is underwater diving only while holding your breath, i.e. without special underwater equipment designed for breathing underwater - scuba gear. Thus, when diving, a diver can fully rely solely on his own health and the capabilities of his body.

And as you probably already guessed, freediving is an extreme sport, quite risky for health, and sometimes for life. After all, the entire process of underwater diving occurs only while holding your breath, i.e. apnea, which is a complete cessation of respiratory movements.

Freediving is believed to be the oldest form of scuba diving. Many centuries ago, people without any special underwater equipment dived to the seabed in order to obtain food for themselves (crabs, algae, octopuses and edible shellfish), as well as to obtain expensive sea pearls. A profession even appeared - pearl diver. Currently, freediving is used for both commercial and sporting purposes.

Freediving Basics: Philosophy

Before we look at it, let’s think about the question of why it is needed if it is a potentially dangerous sport. People who practice it answer this question like this: Freediving is not just a sport, but a certain philosophy and a new outlook on life. This is a type of self-control and knowledge of the capabilities of your body, because freediving does not forgive arrogance.

This is a way to completely merge with pristine nature and, as it were, dissolve in it. This is a way to relax infinitely with maximum tension. This is freedom of movement, self-awareness and knowledge of harmony with the world. However, no matter how beautiful and romantic all this may sound, everyone must decide for themselves whether it is worth tempting fate, and maybe it would be better to leave the expanses of water to their long-standing legitimate and more adapted inhabitants - whales, dolphins and pinnipeds?

Scientists have long announced that diving underwater while inhaling, even to a shallow depth, can be very dangerous. Already a few meters under water, the diver’s chest is compressed to the limit. The pressure in the lungs is equalized compared to the pressure of the surrounding aquatic environment due to the rush of blood to the vessels of the lungs. If the body's compensatory capabilities are exhausted, then rapid death from acute cardiovascular failure may occur.

If the dive occurs after exhalation, the person begins to experience an acute and severe oxygen deficiency, since the oxygen supply in the lungs becomes approximately 5 times less compared to the supply during a deep breath. Thus, an acute lack of oxygen leads to oxygen starvation of the brain, and as a result to loss of consciousness, and then to death.

Freediving Basics – an important component of this exciting and complex sport. And if you decide to master it, you must carefully study all its aspects. And the second part of this article will tell you about the effect of freediving on the human body, which you can read by following this link.

Basics of breath-hold diving: Educational and methodological manual on freediving Molchanova Natalya Vadimovna

Section 1. FUNDAMENTALS OF FREEDIVING THEORY

1.1. Physical basis of breath-hold diving

Buoyancy

A freediver, while diving into the depths, experiences three states of buoyancy: positive (at first he struggles with it, then he rejoices), neutral (very pleasant) and negative (frightening). For, according to Archimedes' law, a body immersed in a liquid is acted upon by a buoyant force directed upward and equal to the weight of the displaced liquid.

With positive buoyancy, the mass of water displaced by the body is greater than the mass of the body. In this case, the freediver floats or is on the surface. When a freediver soars effortlessly into the air, his childhood dreams of flight come true.

With negative buoyancy, the weight of the water displaced by the body is less than the weight of the body. Then the freediver dives. As the depth increases, the freediver displaces less and less water as his lungs compress, and therefore falls into the abyss faster and faster.

With neutral buoyancy, the weight of the water displaced by the body is equal to the weight of the body, as a result of which the freediver does not sink or ascend, but hangs in one place. The resulting feeling of floating can be accompanied by an ecstatic feeling of merging with nature. There is no need to delay this process.

If you long dive along a coral reef at shallow depths, then the force of gravity will fight with the buoyant force and the freediver needs wisdom not to fight with them, but to relax and observe the wonderful world at a depth of 5–6 m.

The depth of neutral buoyancy for such inquisitive freedivers is regulated by weights and can be at a depth of 7-8 meters. Whether to take extra weight or not is the deciding factor over the thickness of the belly fold and the thickness of the wetsuit.

For those diving to a depth of 20 m, neutral buoyancy should be at a depth of about 10 m, and for diving to a depth of 30 m - at 15 m.

Diving tactics depend on the depth, which changes the freediver's buoyancy. During a 30-meter dive, the freediver performs continuous strokes at an average pace to overcome the zone of positive buoyancy to the 15 m mark. After reaching the zone of neutral buoyancy, at a depth of 15–18 m, he reduces the pace and power of movements, including the gliding phase in the cycle. From a depth of 22–25 m (with negative buoyancy), the freediver glides down without moving.

After the ascent turn, the tempo and power of the freediver's movements must be high enough to overcome the negative buoyancy zone. As buoyancy increases during ascent, the freediver gradually reduces the power and rate of strokes, and includes a gliding phase in the cycle of movements. For the last 5–8 m, with positive buoyancy, the freediver glides upward without moving.

As the depth of the dive increases, skilled freedivers also increase the depth of neutral buoyancy by reducing the amount of weight. And this is correct, since when going down, you need to worry about the way up.

There are 5 main factors affecting buoyancy:

1) Density of water.

The density of fresh water is less than the density of sea water due to the presence of sea salts in the latter. Accordingly, based on the taste of the water, you can try to determine the required amount of weight that the freediver places on himself. The more salt, the more cargo.

2) The volume of air in the lungs.

Consists of inspiratory volume and residual lung volume. The residual volume is difficult to change, it is a fairly conservative indicator, but the inspiratory volume can be changed easily. The more you inhale, the more buoyancy.

3) Equipment.

The thicker the suit and the smaller the amount of cargo, the greater the buoyancy, and the more difficult it is to dive and the easier it is to emerge.

4) Hydrostatic pressure.

It’s also easy to determine: the more pressure, the less buoyancy. Under the influence of pressure, the volumes of the lungs and suit decrease, therefore the weight of the fluid displaced by them decreases.

5) Freediver body composition.

As the amount of fat mass increases in a freediver who has eaten from the buffet, his buoyancy increases.

Concepts of atmospheric, hydrostatic and absolute pressure

A freediver diving into depth is subject to pressure consisting of:

Atmospheric pressure, which is caused by the weight of the atmosphere. This pressure is designated as 1 atmosphere;

Hydrostatic pressure, which is caused by the weight of water above the freediver. Every 10 m of depth the pressure increases by approximately 1 atm.

Thus, ambient pressure, i.e. absolute pressure, is the sum of atmospheric pressure at sea level and hydrostatic pressure, which changes by 1 atmosphere every 10 m of depth.

Consequently, the pressure experienced by a freediver at a depth of 10 m is 2 atmospheres, at a depth of 30 m - 4 atm, and at a depth of 100 m - 11 atm.

Herbert Nietzsch experienced a pressure of 22.5 atm. at a depth of 214 m and wants to experience even more.

The effects of changes in pressure on body tissues

When we studied the boring laws of Boyle-Marriott, Dalton and Henry in physics lessons at school, we could not even imagine what practical significance they could have for freediving.

So, the Boyle-Mariotte law states: the volume of a gas at a constant temperature is inversely proportional to the pressure acting on it.

During a dive, a freediver's body undergoes changes associated with the effects of hydrostatic pressure. This action is due to the property of gas to change its volume when pressure changes, and the low compressibility of body tissues. If all the organs and tissues were compressed, then there would be no one to write about anymore. When the changes that occur in the compressed organs are not excessively great, they are reversible, and when the pressure is removed, the freediver’s body usually returns to its original state.

When diving with an increase in hydrostatic pressure, the volume of air in the air cavities of the human body (lungs, cranial cavities, gastrointestinal tract) and in the submask space tends to decrease in inverse proportion to the pressure acting on it.

The air bubbles in the neoprene suit also shrink under pressure, making the suit thinner and cooler.

An enlightened freediver, imbued with the mystery of this law, revealed to him by Boyle and Marriott, uses it to prevent barotrauma.

Equalizing pressure in the middle ear cavity, paranasal sinuses and submask space with the absolute pressure constantly changing during diving using special techniques is an axiom of freediving.

Most often, difficulties associated with the need to equalize pressure during immersion arise in the cavities of the middle ear, the so-called “tympanic cavities.” The cavities communicate with the nasopharynx through narrow and long auditory tubes, called medical luminaries “Eustachian” after the name of the learned anatomist.

The openings of the pipes facing the tympanic cavities are fixed by bone walls and are constantly open. And the parts of the pipes adjacent to the nasopharynx have soft collapsed walls. A freediver must be able to open their eustachian tubes, equalizing pressure during the dive.

During ascent (with a decrease in hydrostatic pressure), pressure equalization in the tympanic cavity is relatively easy, since the auditory tubes open without the participation of the freediver by expanding air.

Dalton's law: the pressure of a mixture of gases is equal to the sum of the partial (partial) pressures of the individual gases that make it up.

Gases in the lungs are exchanged between the blood and the alveolar air according to how the pressure of the individual gases changes. The pressure of gases in a freediver's lungs will change with changes in ambient pressure, as well as depending on the degree of tissue consumption of oxygen and release of carbon dioxide.

On the surface the air contains oxygen - 20.94% (in the alveoli an average of 14.5% due to the dead space - nasopharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, where exhaled air mixes with inhaled air), nitrogen 78.02%, carbon dioxide 0.04% (in the alveoli on average 5%) and inert gases less than 1%.

At a depth of 10 m, the pressure of these gases in the lungs will double, at a depth of 20 m the pressure will triple. When diving, this is not bad - the diffusion of oxygen at depth from the lungs into the blood improves, but when ascending, it is not fun for a freediver - the partial pressure of oxygen drops, and very quickly.

Because of this law, freediving sometimes turns from a wonderful activity into an extreme activity. A trusting freediver, while diving into the depths, does not feel tricks with gases; he is in the grip of inner peace, which can deceive.

Henry's Law: The amount of gas dissolved in a liquid is directly proportional to its partial pressure on the surface of the liquid.

During diving, the solubility of gases increases and their concentration in the blood and tissues increases. Thus, oxygen at depth is doubly good: under conditions of high pressure, it not only easily binds to hemoglobin and spreads throughout the body, but also, being dissolved in the blood plasma, quickly diffuses (penetrates) into the tissues.

When a freediver is on the surface of the globe, nitrogen circulates in the bloodstream in small quantities. And in the depths of sea waters, nitrogen actively saturates the same bloodstream. A sensitive freediver may experience a dangerously pleasurable sensation of nitrogen narcosis.

When quickly ascending (reducing pressure), nitrogen can “foam” in the blood, like soda water when you open a bottle, and cause decompression sickness.

A mild form of decompression illness consists of rather unexpected feelings of weakness (not of life, of course, just of the body).

Consequently, diving into the depths is possible only with rest intervals sufficient to completely eliminate the oxygen debt and free the tissues from nitrogen. And the deeper the dive, the longer the rest should be.

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Experienced freedivers feel balanced, calm, and confident when diving. Without mechanical breathing apparatus, you will be able to feel the enveloping water as if you were in the womb, free to join the ocean as a friend and not an intruder. An hour spent freediving erases a week of worries and stress. How to start practicing freediving?

Freediving by nature

Humans are naturally given special adaptations to freediving. The most interesting is the “mammalian diving reflex” - immersing the face in water reflexively slows down the heart rate. Many techniques and natural ability to adapt help to prolong immersion.

Our spleen releases additional blood cells, muscles and blood vessels contract, allowing the brain and heart to receive more oxygen. You can feel significant results after just a few weeks of freediving.

While more experienced divers can dive longer and deeper, your 45-second dive to 10 meters is already a basic depth, as most of the ocean's color and diversity live within those ten meters of the surface. There's not much reason to dive deeper. Even the average 45 seconds for a beginner gives you the opportunity to mingle with a school of fish, take photos and get a lot of impressions in less than a minute. Basic diving can be mastered in a couple of weeks, but for some a few days are enough.

You don't need to be an athlete to enjoy freediving, as there is no "safety factor" required - just a balanced mindset (or the desire to achieve it). Your goal is to unite with the water, not fight it. Once you master the basics of diving, you will realize that water takes up almost no energy. Calmly and confidently you choose the depth and time of the dive and you won’t notice how quickly your first 15 seconds turn into 30, and 45 seconds is enough for confident freediving at 10 meters.

How to learn freediving?

You can learn freediving without injury or panic if you have an experienced person next to you who will introduce you to a few equipment, show you the basic elements and help with step-by-step training. For more details on how freedivers train, read the article.

A few steps to get started:

Techniques for developing breath holding are described in the article.

Freediving swimming styles

Freedivers practice three styles of fin stroke: flutter, frog and dolphin. You will use the flutter style for most of your dives. The frog stroke is the slowest of the three and allows you to relieve tired, tense muscles after fluttering. Dolphin kick (dolphin swing) is great for short-distance forced marches.

Fluttering style:

Frog style:

Dolphin style:

Make short swings with your legs; do not bend the fin more than 30 degrees. When your strokes are too intense and flex your fins excessively, it creates drag in the water column and wastes energy. Use quick movements with a small amplitude instead of wide swings. Types of freediving are described in the article

Immersion technique

Freediving is a complex maneuver that is easy to learn but fundamental. Once you've mastered it, you can concentrate on the finer details: breath control and streamlined swimming. In just one smooth movement, you take a deep breath, bend, “blow,” and slide down vertically. This is similar to the “perfect ten” of a ski jumper - only a slight ripple on the surface of the water indicates the jump.

You can understand how the immersion mechanism works on your own bed: lie on the bed with your stomach down. Work your way towards the edge and balance at the waist. Now lower your right arm and lift your left leg - that's it, the weight shift will send you down.

How to properly blow out your ears

To avoid barotrauma, you need to prepare your ears for changes in pressure underwater. Usually, we unconsciously equalize the pressure by simply swallowing or even yawning - the soft tissues of the palate open the valves of the Eustachian tubes when stretched, air enters the middle ear and the pressure stabilizes, and you hear a barely noticeable click. There are several ways to open the Eustachian tubes and equalize the pressure, but I won't cover them all in this article. I will focus on the simplest ones.

Simple ways to blow out your ears:

Pinch your nose and take a sip. This method is good when ascending.
At the same time, exhale through your pinched nose and swallow.

It is recommended to blow out every 60 cm of dive - that’s every 2-3 seconds. You should learn more about purging and barotrauma from a freediving instructor; you should not dive “from scratch” without the help of an experienced diver, since it is very easy to harm yourself.

Changing the pool to the ocean

After practicing in the pool you should feel more confident, but there are two more factors that can ruin everything in the “open water” - cold and fear.

It's easier to deal with the cold. Now there are the thinnest wetsuits that do not restrict movement and do not compress the chest. We'll talk about choosing a wetsuit in the next article. Also, consult a professional about weights.

Dealing with fear is much more difficult. You have to know your equipment and get used to it, learn to deal with the panic of holding your breath. The first dive should literally go hand in hand with an instructor you trust. Tune in to future impressions from what you see, rather than an irrational sense of self-preservation. It can help overcome the fear of water.

At first glance, freediving (like any other underwater “activity”) seems incredibly difficult. Debunking myths - a professional in his field, freediver and founder of the Kyiv freediving school Alexander Bubenchikov shared the secrets of success with readers of the site and told why diving is so “addictive.”

How did you come to the conclusion that freediving became more than just a hobby?

I became acquainted with freediving in the summer of 2010. For the first time I dived into the depths at Cape Sarych in Crimea, the southernmost point of Ukraine. And immediately this activity captivated me. My first dives gave me amazing, unforgettable impressions. Then we managed to reach, as it seemed to me, an enormous depth - 16.5 meters, but there was a feeling that this was not the limit. Upon returning to Kyiv after the summer holiday, my friend Dima and I decided to try our hand at competitions. We started to prepare. And already in October they took prizes at the Ukrainian Freediving Cup in Dneprodzerzhinsk. The first competitions gave me valuable experience, introduced me to other athletes, but left me with the feeling that I was not able to show my best results here either. That's how it all started. Competition after competition, dive after dive - all this pulled me deeper and deeper.

Is it possible to describe the sensations of the freediving process, to describe what you saw underwater? Or do you just need to experience it for yourself?

The underwater world is very beautiful and unusual. Once there, a person will have complete freedom of movement: he can soar like a bird, be weightless like an astronaut, or move quickly like a torpedo. Everyone finds something they like. The beauty of the underwater world and its inhabitants is mesmerizing, you can meet aliens there! At least that’s the impression you get when you swim with huge manta rays, sharks, and whales! And freediving itself is also wonderful because it gives you the opportunity to look not only around you, but also to look inside yourself. This is best described by the words of Evgeny Butov: “The depth squeezes out everything unnecessary from a person... There, in the depths, a person remains as he really is. To dive means not to be afraid to see yourself without embellishment, without self-deception, without air.”

I'd like to know more about how you dived through the Dahab Blue Hole - you were the only person to record a video while doing it.

Diving through the Great Arch with fins is considered a major achievement in the world of freediving. 58 meters down, 30 horizontally and 58 up! Only four people in the world managed to do this without fins! At the same time, I also filmed myself with a GoPro. The dive was difficult both mentally and physically, but everything went well. Thanks to the whole team who helped me organize the dive and insurance.

You can hold your breath for 9 minutes, but it didn’t happen right away, right? What difficulties did you have to face?

Yes, recently at the Ukrainian Championships in Odessa I set a new national record of 9 minutes and 3 seconds, but I started, of course, with much more modest numbers. For a long time I was stuck at three minutes and couldn’t take it anymore. Even beginners can achieve this result, and sometimes even four or even five minutes, in my courses. The challenges were: staying relaxed, trusting your body, listening to what it was telling you. When I learned to do this, I had a breakthrough and progress went very quickly - within a couple of months my record exceeded 6 minutes.

Freediving without an instructor is impossible - at least at the initial stage. Is it so?

Without an instructor, everything is possible. Even living is a much more difficult task. But think about this. Would you dare to take up parachuting without an instructor, using books? Would you dare to go out to sea on a yacht on your own without taking a training course? Would you dare to fly a paraglider without training with an instructor on the ground?

The first freedivers didn't have instructors, but I bet they really wished they had one. After all, a good instructor and coach helps you take the shortest route to success and ensure your safety. He will immediately teach you how to do it correctly and help you avoid many failures and mistakes, including fatal ones.

Can an untrained person try freediving? What do you need to know to take your first dive?

To start freediving, no special training is required. There are also very few contraindications. If you can do physical activity: running, jumping, swimming, cycling, then you can also do freediving.

The best way to take the first step is to take a basic course at the Kyiv freediving school. Under the guidance of experienced instructors, you will understand the intricacies of holding your breath, delve into the physiology of the process, learn what is safe and what is not, and be able to feel the thrill and pleasure of diving while holding your breath. This is precisely the main goal of my school: to show harmony, discover the beauty of the underwater world, and teach people to feel easy and free in it.

What prompted you to create a freediving school?

In the beginning, I was driven by sporting interest and the desire to discover the limits of my capabilities, but at some point I realized that competitive freediving is just the tip of the iceberg, that the most valuable thing in freediving is hidden from view. You can see, understand, feel this only by holding your breath, guided by the correct principles. I realized that I wanted to share my knowledge and experience, convey my vision and understanding of freediving, help others achieve success and simply enjoy diving. In 2012, I successfully completed an instructor course at the international freediving school Apnea Academy under the guidance of the eminent Italian diver, champion and world record holder Umberto Pelizzari. This gave me a powerful impetus in my development both as an athlete and as an instructor. Since then I have been teaching freediving.

It is very gratifying to watch the success of students. They show good results, demonstrate rapid progress, but the most important and pleasant thing is the positive changes in their sensation and quality of diving! You can see how literally with every dive a person relaxes, his movements become smoother and freer, he begins to feel better about the water and himself - this causes great inner joy in me.

Is there an age limit for freediving? Or does it all depend on medical indications?

You can take up freediving at any age. There are people who take their first steps even at 60-70 years old. Age does not prevent them from enjoying diving. An illustrative example is Natalia Molchanova, who began freediving at the age of 40, and by the age of 50, all the world records among women already belonged to her.

Is freediving used as therapy for people with special needs, developmental disabilities and disabilities? Is this popular in Ukraine?

Freediving is also available for people with disabilities. In such cases, an individual approach and preliminary consultation with a doctor are required, but this is possible.

Do you adhere to the principles of a healthy lifestyle? And in general, which habits help in swimming and freediving, and which do not?

All the habits that help me in freediving also help me in everyday life. Conscious breathing, the skill of relaxation and staying relaxed, the skills of psychological preparation and stress control, the skill of managing attention and a more subtle sense of your body - all this will be useful to each of us in everyday life. The main thing is probably the ability to relax. The benefits of it are difficult to overestimate. As for nutrition, I don’t go on any diet. I just eat healthy and balanced food. I don’t drink alcohol, tobacco or coffee – this also helps a lot. And I have one very useful habit that anyone can easily apply. Immediately after waking up, I drink two glasses of clean water at room temperature. You instantly begin to feel your body waking up, your head starting to work and your body becoming toned.

It is best to start your classes under the guidance of a good instructor. Therefore, I gladly invite everyone to look into the underwater world and inside themselves at the Kyiv freediving school. Training begins with a basic course in the pool, where students master basic skills and breath-holding as such in a comfortable, controlled environment, and then follows diving in open water, freediving travel, participation in competitions and many, many other interesting things. Everyone can find something they like.

There are so many beautiful, simply fantastic diving places in the world! This is the Red Sea, the Mediterranean, Thailand, the Philippines, Indonesia, and Sri Lanka. Hawaii, Mexico, Honduras, Dominica, Bahamas, Galapagos, Zanzibar, Canaries, Maldives, Mauritius too. Of course, in such places it is better to be already prepared so as not to waste time.

What other dives do you want to do?

I want to dive with gray and blue whales, sperm whales, whale sharks - these are amazing creatures! I want to dive into the crystal clear waters of Mexican cenotes, compete in the Vertical Blue competition at Dean’s blue hole in the Bahamas and go diving in Hawaii. But diving in the pristine and cold waters of Antarctica is a special dream!

Water is a majestic element that has always attracted man. He never tires of inventing different ways to tame the seas and oceans. Freediving has become an opportunity to learn how to perform amazing actions in the water element that are beyond the power of an ordinary person.

An athlete's freediving diving technique must be honed to perfection because a mistake can lead to danger to life.

Video training “Diving techniques in freediving”

Freediving: an old new sport

Freediving (eng. free - freely, dive - dive) is a fashionable sport that has many fans. The main idea of freediving is swimming with apnea (holding your breath).

Swimming while holding your breath has long helped people get acquainted with the underwater world, hunt and gather. Later, breathing apparatus and spacesuits were invented and gradually improved until they reached the ideal form and functionality.

More recently, freediving has become an underwater sport (the first record for apnea swimming was set in 1949) and freedivers continue to practice swimming without breathing apparatus.

This video material consists of several parts:

Sports disciplines and records in freediving.
Long dive without fins.
Diving into the depths without fins.
Long dive with fins.
Diving into the depths with fins.
Free dive.

A novice freediver can learn a lot of useful information about diving from the sections of the presented educational film: body position, breathing, movement cycles, stages of diving, dive zones. Experts will talk about exercises that will help a freediver achieve high results. Descriptions of typical mistakes that athletes often make will help improve technique without memorizing incorrect movements.

Achieve a record while maintaining your health!

In this video material, the viewer will be able to admire diving performed by professional athletes. They clearly demonstrate the elements of freediving and trainers can safely show this film to their students as a teaching aid.

The technique of performing elements is the most important part of any sport. The performance and health of the athlete depend on technique. And a freediver who is under the influence of unsafe factors is especially likely to get injured.