Forms and methods of combating doping in sports. Prevention of doping in sports Counteracting doping

1. Doping in sports is a violation of an anti-doping rule, including the use or attempt to use a substance and (or) method included in the lists of substances and (or) methods prohibited for use in sports (hereinafter also referred to as a prohibited substance and (or) prohibited method).

2. Preventing and combating doping in sports is carried out in accordance with all-Russian anti-doping rules approved by the federal executive body in the field of physical culture and sports, and anti-doping rules approved by international anti-doping organizations (hereinafter also referred to as anti-doping rules).

3. One or more of the following violations constitute an anti-doping rule violation:

1) use or attempted use by an athlete of a prohibited substance and (or) a prohibited method;

2) the presence of prohibited substances or their metabolites or markers in a sample taken during the competitive period or during the out-of-competition period from the body of an athlete, as well as from the body of an animal participating in a sports competition;

3) the athlete’s refusal to appear for a sample collection, the athlete’s failure to appear for a sample collection without good reason after receiving notification in accordance with anti-doping rules, or the athlete’s otherwise avoiding sample collection;

4) violation of the requirements of anti-doping rules regarding the availability of an athlete for taking samples from him out of competition, including failure to provide information about his whereabouts and his failure to appear for participation in testing;

5) falsification or attempt to falsify an element of doping control;

6) possession of prohibited substances and (or) prohibited methods;

(see text in the previous edition)

7) distribution of a prohibited substance and (or) prohibited method;

8) use or attempted use, administration or attempted administration of a Prohibited Substance in relation to an Athlete, or the use or attempted use of a Prohibited Method in relation to an Athlete, or other assistance related to a violation or attempted violation of an anti-doping rule.

(see text in the previous edition)

3.1. Carrying out the actions specified in paragraphs 1 - 8 of part 3 of this article is not a violation of anti-doping rules if, at the time of their commission, there was an authorization for the therapeutic use of a prohibited substance and (or) a prohibited method, issued in accordance with the International Standard for Therapeutic Use of Prohibited Substances. substances of the World Anti-Doping Agency, or the circumstances provided for in this International Standard existed to allow such approval to be issued after the specified actions have been completed.

4. Violation of anti-doping rules by athletes, as well as coaches, sports medicine specialists, and other specialists in the field of physical culture and sports in relation to athletes, and the use of a prohibited substance and (or) a prohibited method on animals participating in a sports competition are not allowed. The fact of use of a prohibited substance and (or) a prohibited method by an athlete, as well as in relation to an animal participating in a sports competition, is confirmed only by the results of studies conducted in laboratories accredited by the World Anti-Doping Agency.

(see text in the previous edition)

5. Doping control is a process that includes test planning, sample collection, storage, transportation, laboratory analysis of samples, post-test procedures, and related hearings and appeals.

6. Testing represents the elements of doping control, including test planning, sample collection, storage and transportation to a laboratory accredited by the World Anti-Doping Agency.

7. Testing is carried out both during the competitive period and during the out-of-competition period. The competitive period is understood as the period associated with the participation of an athlete and (or) animal in a specific competition, unless otherwise provided by the rules of the international sports federation for the relevant sport or another international anti-doping organization or an all-Russian anti-doping organization. Time not included in the competition period is considered out-of-competition.

8. Measures to prevent and combat doping in sport include:

1) conducting doping control;

2) establishing the responsibility of athletes, coaches, and other specialists in the field of physical culture and sports for violating anti-doping rules;

3) prevention of the use of prohibited substances and (or) prohibited methods;

4) advanced training of specialists conducting doping control;

5) inclusion in additional educational programs of educational organizations operating in the field of physical culture and sports, sections on anti-doping rules, on the consequences of doping in sports for the health of athletes, on liability for violation of anti-doping rules;

(see text in the previous edition)

6) conducting anti-doping propaganda in the media;

7) conducting scientific research aimed at preventing and combating doping in sports;

8) conducting scientific research on the development of means and methods for restoring the performance of athletes;

9) provision by the federal executive body in the field of physical culture and sports, the all-Russian anti-doping organization of assistance to the executive authorities of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation in anti-doping support for sports teams of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation;

11) implementation of international cooperation in the field of preventing and combating doping in sports.

9. The federal executive body in the field of physical culture and sports, in order to implement measures to prevent and combat doping in sports:

4) adopts, in accordance with the established procedure, a decision to exclude the all-Russian sports federation from the register of all-Russian and accredited regional sports federations in the event of failure by the all-Russian sports federation to fulfill the obligations provided for in paragraphs 1 - 6 of part 10 of this article;

4.1) approves the procedure for informing the federal executive body exercising the authority to organize medical and biological support for athletes of sports teams of the Russian Federation, government authorities of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation in the field of physical culture and sports, government authorities of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation in the field of healthcare about changes in lists of substances and (or) methods prohibited for use in sports, in agreement with the federal executive body exercising the functions of developing and implementing state policy and legal regulation in the field of healthcare;

5) exercises other powers in accordance with this Federal Law.

10. All-Russian sports federations and professional sports leagues, in order to implement measures to prevent and combat doping in sports, are obliged to:

(see text in the previous edition)

1) publish in all-Russian periodicals and (or) post on their official websites on the Internet the all-Russian anti-doping rules and anti-doping rules approved by international sports federations for the relevant sports, in Russian;

2) provide, in accordance with the all-Russian anti-doping rules, the information necessary for the all-Russian anti-doping organization to create a list of athletes for the purpose of testing both in the competitive period and in the out-of-competition period;

3) notify athletes in accordance with the all-Russian anti-doping rules about their inclusion in the list of athletes subject to testing both in the competitive period and in the out-of-competition period;

5) apply sanctions (including sports disqualification of athletes) on the basis of and in pursuance of the decision of the relevant anti-doping organization on violation of anti-doping rules by athletes, as well as coaches, other specialists in the field of physical culture and sports in relation to athletes, in relation to animals participating in sports competition;

6) inform the federal executive body in the field of physical culture and sports, the executive bodies of the relevant constituent entities of the Russian Federation, the all-Russian anti-doping organization, the international sports federation for the relevant sport about the sanctions applied;

6.1) determine the officials responsible for organizing the work of the all-Russian sports federation and (or) professional sports league to prevent and combat doping in sports in cooperation with the federal executive body in the field of physical culture and sports, the federal executive body authorized to medical and biological support for athletes of sports teams of the Russian Federation, the Russian anti-doping organization. The corresponding official of the all-Russian sports federation also interacts with the international sports federation, the corresponding official of the professional sports league - with the all-Russian sports federation for the relevant sport; 13. The executive body of the constituent entity of the Russian Federation authorized in the field of healthcare determines the official responsible for organizing work to prevent and combat doping in sports in cooperation with the Russian anti-doping organization and the federal executive body in the field of physical culture and sports.

The concept of “doping” was introduced into sports in 1865 (according to other sources, much earlier) and for a long time was associated with the stimulation of horses participating in races.

Initially, doping was understood as the use of substances that artificially increase performance performance.

Doping is the introduction into the human body by any means of a substance foreign to this body, any physiological substance in an abnormal amount, or any substance in an unnatural way in order to artificially and dishonestly increase the athlete’s performance during competition1.

In medical literature, doping also refers to a substance that temporarily enhances the physical and mental activity of the body and is prohibited for use by athletes during competitions.

The legal definition of the concept of “doping in sports” is given in Art. 26 of the Federal Law “On Physical Culture and Sports in the Russian Federation”.

Doping in sports an anti-doping rule violation is recognized, including the use or attempted use of a substance and (or) method included in the lists of substances and (or) methods prohibited for use in sports.

This definition is fully consistent with the provisions of the International Convention against Doping in Sport 2005, the Anti-Doping Convention, and the World Anti-Doping Code.

According to Art. 2 and 3 of the World Anti-Doping Code, the athlete himself is responsible for everything that enters his body, as well as for who he trusts with his health. This principle means that the athlete will be subject to a sanction in the form of disqualification even in the absence of guilt.

Doping control is a complex event in which samples are taken from athletes and analysis is carried out in the laboratory. Based on the results of the analysis, a hearing is held at which a decision is made whether to impose a sports sanction or whether there is no offense.

If an athlete uses doping substances and (or) methods, including one-time use, as well as in case of violation of anti-doping rules under Russian labor legislation, the sports club has the right to terminate the employment contract with him (Article 348 of the Labor Code of the Russian Federation).

The use of doping by an athlete, as well as the inducement of a coach and medical worker to use it, entails liability. In different countries, such liability varies from sports (disqualification), to administrative and criminal (for example, in Italy, France, Spain).

In Art. 26 of the Federal Law “On Physical Culture and Sports in the Russian Federation” establishes the responsibility for:

• - for the use of doping agents and (or) methods;
• - for coercion into the use and promotion of the use of doping agents and (or) methods;
• - for falsification of medicines and food additives by including doping agents in their composition, the sale of such medicines and food additives, as well as for activities aimed at disseminating information about the methods, methods of development, manufacture, use of doping agents and places of their purchase;
• - physical culture and sports organizations, athletes, coaches, doctors and other specialists for violating the rules of mandatory doping control.

Despite the importance and relevance of anti-doping issues and the fight for a clean game, there are a number of difficulties associated with legislative application. Let's illustrate some of them. Every year, the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) publishes a list of substances prohibited for use by athletes and new versions of the so-called standards: the International Standard for Laboratories, the International Standard for Testing and the International Standard for Therapeutic Exemptions. At the same time, WADA is an international sports non-governmental organization, therefore, in order to synchronize WADA rules with national government regulations, it is necessary to approve these lists in each specific state.

For example, by order of the Ministry of Sports of Russia dated April 16, 2013 No. 197, the Lists of substances and (or) methods prohibited for use in sports were approved. By Order of the Ministry of Sports of Russia dated October 2, 2012 No. 267 approved All-Russian anti-doping rules.

In case of non-recognition and non-approval of lists, difficulties arise in applying sanctions 1 .

Thus, in 2008, Belgian cyclist Iljo Keisse tested positive for the presence of prohibited substances. The Belgian authorities came to his defense and did not impose sanctions. However, this decision was appealed to the Court of Arbitration for Sport (CAS) by the International Cycling Union (UCI) and WADA, resulting in him being banned for two years at international level.

Keyese successfully appealed this decision to the Belgian Court of Appeal, which resulted in him being allowed to continue competing in Belgium.

However, WADA continued the international disqualification and Keyese was banned from competing outside Belgian jurisdiction.

Keyese again appealed to the court for a final decision on the application of the court order, but the Belgian court rejected his argument in its entirety and he was again disqualified in Belgium (in addition to the existing international disqualification).

Given the period in which he continued to compete in Belgium, Keyese's Belgium suspension was extended from WADA's international suspension.

This situation demonstrates the different attitudes of the judiciary towards arbitral awards and proves how strong an international federation is if it continues to apply sanctions, despite the fact that they are not accepted by the national courts of one of the European countries.

Another problem is presumption of guilt for doping by an athlete.

An athlete who is suspected of doping may not continue to compete and simultaneously train or otherwise participate in sporting activities until the period of ineligibility has expired. This problem has already been identified as a type of discrimination in sports, but effective methods for solving it have not yet been proposed.

Moreover, this norm contradicts Russian labor legislation: an athlete disqualified for doping does not participate in competitions, but not only has the right, but also the obligation to continue training and receive wages for it.

So, according to Art. 348 5 of the Labor Code of the Russian Federation, during the period of suspension of an athlete from participation in sports competitions for doping, the employer ensures his participation in training and other activities in preparation for sports competitions while retaining part of his earnings.

Thus, having analyzed the main issues of countering the use of doping in professional sports in foreign countries, it can be argued that an autonomous management and control system has now been created, the main features of which are the presence of developed legislation and fairly strict liability measures, the presumption of guilt of the athlete and the additional responsibility of the auxiliary personnel.

It should also be noted that there is an emerging positive trend towards bringing Russian anti-doping legislation into line with international standards.

Keywords: doping, prevention

Annotation. The article discusses psychological and pedagogical approaches to preventing doping in a sports environment, the principles of preventive activities, and the specifics of preventing persons with intellectual disabilities in sports.

Contemporary approaches to doping prevention in sports

Shelkov O. M., PhD, Professor, Director. Federal State Budget Institution “St. Petersburg Scientific-Research Institute for Physical Culture"

Dr. Gretsov A. G., Ed. D., Assistant Professor. Herzen State Pedagogical University of Russia, St. Petersburg

Badrak K. A., PhD, Federal State Budget Institution “St. Petersburg Scientific-Research Institute for Physical Culture"

Shelkova L. N., PhD, Assistant Professor. Herzen State Pedagogical University of Russia, St. Petersburg

Keywords: doping, prevention

Abstract. This article addresses psychological and pedagogical approaches to the prevention of doping in sports environment, principles of anti-doping education, and specific aspects of prevention in sports for individuals with intellectual disabilities

The activity of anti-doping propaganda has been steadily increasing in recent years, but the problem of doping continues to remain extremely relevant. According to the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA), today 15.5 million people in the world use doping drugs, of which only 35% are professional athletes. Thus, the problem has gone beyond the boundaries of professional sports, and its aggravation is facilitated by the highly profitable “body image” industry, which promotes illegal drugs as a way to improve physical fitness, lose weight, and increase activity levels.

Currently, there are two trends aimed at solving the doping problem:

2) full or partial legalization of doping.

In the Russian Federation, cooperation with international organizations, interstate associations, and coalitions is intensively developing. The main idea shaping this path is that “doping threatens the ethical principles and educational values ​​enshrined in the UNESCO International Charter of Physical Education and Sport and the Olympic Charter” (International Convention against Doping in Sport, 1989). Anti-doping policy is also discussed in the documents of the United Nations.

The main organizing and controlling institution of the global sports movement against doping is the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA), which determines the general rules. One of the most important areas of WADA’s work is conducting scientific research and developing new methods to combat doping. Educational programs are recognized as a mandatory part of the activities of all anti-doping organizations.

One of the activities of organizations involved in the fight against doping in sports is the production and distribution of various reference and methodological materials designed to assist in carrying out preventive work. They are compiled on the basis of documents regulating educational activities to combat doping in sports.

At the same time, the mere presence of software and methodological materials will not completely solve the problem of creating zero tolerance - zero tolerance to doping. As recent studies have shown, problems of this kind can be most effectively solved through the use of humanitarian technologies, primarily of a reflective type.

Summarizing Russian and world experience, we can highlight several approaches to the prevention of negative social phenomena:

1) information approach: dissemination of information about the negative consequences of doping for the individual and society, the destructive nature and danger of such behavior;

2) interpretation of doping as a consequence of problematic and underdeveloped emotional sphere; the focus of preventive measures on the development of reflection and self-regulation skills, the development of so-called “emotional intelligence”;

3) interpretation of the use of illegal drugs as a consequence of the lack of important life skills, the inability to constructively cope with problems and achieve goals in other ways; the focus of preventive measures on the formation of such skills;

4) emphasis on the influence of social factors. Prevention programs within the framework of this approach are aimed at developing the ability to resist the negative influence of the social environment, normalizing the relationships of children and adolescents with peers and with adults;

5) strengthening in the eyes of young people the value of health as a source of well-being in life, creating the need to maintain a healthy lifestyle;

6) introducing young people to activities and life values ​​that are incompatible with the use of illegal drugs.

Models of various forms of physical culture and sports activities when organizing primary prevention of doping among adolescents and young people consist of the following components: psychophysical component; anti-doping propaganda; training of sports teaching staff.

To organize preventive activities, it is necessary to have a good knowledge of the structural components of which it consists. From this point of view, in training, as in other types of activity, the following structural components are distinguished: target, need-motivational, content-based, activity-operational, emotional-volitional, control-regulatory and evaluative-effective.

Taking into account the existing features determined the basic principles for the implementation of the organizational and pedagogical system, the use of which is necessary for the development of the individual’s physical culture and the formation of the value of a healthy lifestyle.

The basic principles of building a system of physical education and preventive work should be: 1) continuity; 2) integrity; 3) the person-oriented nature of the system.

As practice has shown, an extremely promising area of ​​activity to prevent the use of doping in sports is the development and implementation of pedagogical, organizational and managerial, sports mass, information, propaganda and other models of physical education and preventive work among young people based on Olympic education. The relevance and enormous educational potential of Olympic education are currently recognized throughout the world.

The greatest difficulty in implementing effective methods and technologies of anti-doping work is presented by the contingent of athletes with intellectual (mental) disabilities.

The main limitations of cognitive activity of persons with intellectual disabilities are as follows:

1) concepts cannot be understood in a generalized, abstract way: any concept is reduced to a specific, single image or object, or a situation familiar from personal experience; such a person thinks not in generalized logical categories, but in particular facts;

2) when thinking about a situation or comprehending a process, a person can take into account only one aspect of it at a time; thinking proceeds linearly, known facts are analyzed sequentially one after another, but it turns out that it is almost impossible to take several of them into account at once;

3) any reasoning is projected onto specific, individual facts, first of all, personally familiar to a person from his own life experience;

4) worldview is centered on a personal position; the need to mentally take the place of another person, to look at the situation through his eyes causes serious difficulties or, it turns out, is completely impossible;

5) objects, phenomena and statements are perceived literally, in their immediate reality. In particular, this is manifested in the fact that people with intellectual disabilities almost do not understand the meaning of allegories (for example, if they are asked to explain the meaning of a saying that mentions animals, they answer that they are talking about animals);

6) conclusions about cause-and-effect relationships are made not on the basis of a logical analysis of the mutual conditionality of events, but on the basis of their contiguity in time or space. Thus, if events follow one another, people with intellectual disabilities usually interpret the second of them as a consequence of the first, even if in reality there is absolutely no connection between them;

7) ideas about one’s own future are either absent altogether or are in the nature of dreams that are in no way connected with actions at the moment (the so-called “discontinuity of time perspective”), therefore traditional arguments that the use of illegal drugs may in the future cause health problems.

Taking into account the noted features of the cognitive sphere, the presentation of information about the problem of doping for persons with intellectual disabilities should be based on the following principles: 1) specificity; 2) visibility; 3) emotionality; 4) linear organization of material; 5) clear polarization on the “good - bad” rating scale.

In the course of solving problems of preventing doping in sports, research was carried out on the development of non-doping means of increasing the performance of athletes. The following areas have been selected: pharmacological means of increasing fitness; individual nutrition as a means of increasing performance; psychophysiological methods of increasing fitness; the use of energy stimulants to increase fitness; scientifically based training programs for athletes; use of ergogenic aids in the practice of sports training.

It was revealed that information and preventive anti-drug and anti-doping work with students of educational institutions of sports orientation should be improved in such areas as: the introduction of innovative organizational forms of educational work; actualization of pedagogical influences on all components of the personality of young athletes; formation of a negative attitude towards bad habits; orientation towards humanistic and Olympic ideals; improvement of logistics.

The effectiveness of anti-doping preventive activities is largely determined by the development and implementation of scientific, methodological, informational, educational, training, organizational, management, and propaganda programs in the system of higher professional and additional physical education and sports education. However, the effectiveness of this activity is largely due to the development and implementation of modern information systems for various categories of users.

The most important link in the development of anti-doping information materials is the theoretical and methodological development of conceptual models and methodological approaches to anti-doping work among various age and gender groups of the Russian population.

The proposed approach to covering the problem of the use of doping in sports, in addition to revealing general theoretical issues of the use of doping in sports and life, outlining programs or methods of anti-doping work aimed at studying the emergence of this problem within the framework of the social and individual psychological development of adolescents and youth. The attention of specialists is focused on questions about the place of doping in the context of the educational and socializing functions of sport, and, accordingly, how to prevent its negative impact, how to avoid deformation of the system of life values ​​of a young athlete.

This approach, in our opinion, is more promising than the traditional dissemination of information about the harm and danger of doping substances, and represents a new, well-founded technology for countering the use of doping in sports. It is supported by developed, published and distributed literature on the research problem, as well as by conducting seminars, master classes, Internet meetings and conferences on anti-doping topics.

Literature

1. Badrak K. A. Primary prevention of doping in modern sports: Educational program and methodological recommendations / K. A. Badrak; edited by O. M. Shelkova. - St. Petersburg: FSBI SPbNIIFK, 2011. - 64 p.
2. Gretsov A. G. Methodology for countering doping among persons with intellectual disabilities who go in for sports: methodological recommendations / A. G. Gretsov. - St. Petersburg: FSBI SPbNIIFK, 2014. - 53 p.
3. Churganov O. A. Doping and health: Methodological manual / O. A. Churganov, E. A. Gavrilova. - St. Petersburg: FSBI SPbNIIFK, 2011. - 60 p.

Municipal budgetary institution of additional education, specialized children's and youth sports school of the Olympic reserve of the city of Kamensk-Shakhtinsky

REPORT
on the topic: “Prevention of doping in sports.”

Prepared by:

instructor-methodologist of MBU DO SDYUSSHOR

Gukalova Yulia Nikolaevna

Kamensk-Shakhtinsky

December 2015

Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .		2
Section 1.	History of doping. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .	4
Section 2.	Characteristics of doping. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .	8
Section 3.	The danger of doping for the health of athletes. . . . . . . . . . .	14
Section 4.	The use of doping in sports. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .	22
Section 5.	Doping control. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .	29
Section 6.	The fight against doping in Russian sports. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .	36
Section 7.	Prevention of doping. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .	42
Section 8.	Doping in children's and youth sports. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .	48
Section 9.	Anti-doping work with young athletes. . . . . . . . .	56
Conclusion. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .		63
Recommended reading. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .		65

Introduction
Today, doping has become one of the most pressing problems in the global sports movement. Doping scandals occur in front of billions of spectators and cause irreparable damage to the reputation of the state and the entire sport.

If twenty years ago individual athletes were kicked out of competitions, now they are kicked out by entire teams. The way out of the current critical situation is seen, first of all, in a change in public opinion in this area. Society must change its position towards athletes and sports pharmacology, otherwise there will be no winners in this war - everyone will lose: both sports and spectators.

According to the World Anti-Doping Agency and Interpol, the illegal turnover of the main doping drug - anabolic steroids - already exceeds the turnover of the criminal sale of drugs. V. Fetisov focuses on the fact that “millions of people are becoming consumers of doping, and not only and not so much in sports. The industry of nutritional supplements for weight loss, all kinds of “magic” potions for rejuvenation and restoration of strength, bodybuilding, fitness, extreme sports, which are so popular among young people - this is not a complete list of the huge market for a variety of doping. Millions of consumers, inspired by the idea of ​​a quick transformation, are risking their health.

In addition, according to social psychologists, the model of “doping behavior”, when a person solves his sports problems with the help of syringes and pills, is a direct road to a drug model of behavior. It is not without reason that the penetration of a special type of doping into youth sports - soft drugs: amphetamines, marijuana, hallucinogens - is causing particular concern in developed countries.

Documents aimed at combating doping, ratified by most countries, including Russia, provide for a number of mandatory measures: the organization of anti-doping services, changes in legislation, and the fight against doping traffic.

One of the most important tasks in anti-doping activities is the development and implementation of information and educational programs that are aimed not only at athletes, coaches or doctors, but also at the population in general. What in the West is called the zero tolerance program. This is a set of special programs that should form in a person a stable and intolerant attitude towards doping.

At the same time, as the head of the medical center of the Continental Hockey League (KHL) Nikolai Durmanov notes: “Qualified doctors working specifically with doping problems are in short supply today, but the basics of anti-doping literacy should be taught not only to doctors, but also, first of all, , physical education teachers. When talking about sports doping, the last thing we should think about is elite sports, and first of all, about children who play sports and are at risk. Dopings both ideologically and nomenclature overlap with drugs. This is exactly the same social problem that needs to be solved."

1. History of doping
Dopings are medications that are used by athletes to artificially, forcibly increase performance during the educational and training process and competitive activity. Depending on the type of sport, they can have completely different and even opposite pharmacological effects: from psychostimulating to tranquilizing, from diuretic to cardiotropic effects.

Doping was already used at the Olympic Games in Ancient Greece. There were special herbal tinctures and much more - sesame seeds, some types of psychotropic mushrooms. The Romans loved to drink and feed gladiators so that the show they performed would be even more exciting and dramatic.

In the Middle Ages, Norman “berser-kiera” warriors were stupefied before battle with an infusion of fly agaric and some other psychotropic mushrooms, which put them in a state of aggressiveness and made them insensitive to pain and fatigue.

By the time of the first modern Olympic Games, which took place in 1896, athletes had a fairly wide range of pharmacological support agents, from codeine to strychnine (which is a powerful stimulant in near-lethal doses). True, in most cases, athletes actually blindly experimented on themselves, which could sometimes end disastrously for them.

The real beginning of the modern era of doping should be considered 1935, when injectable testosterone was created. First used by Nazi doctors to increase aggressiveness in soldiers, a little later it confidently entered the sport along with German athletes in 1936 at the Berlin Olympics, and then, after the end of the Second World War, it was actively used in preparing the USSR national team to participate in the 1952 Olympic Games .

The stunning success of the Soviet team was completely unexpected for their opponents. However, it soon became clear that the “magic” remedy, as it seemed at first, had quite serious side effects. Leading pharmacological laboratories and institutes began searching for a solution to this problem.

Soon the efforts of pharmacologists were rewarded: already in 1955, the first steroid with increased anabolic properties, Dianabol, appeared on the market. In sports practice, the drug "Dianabol" - the first in a series of specially developed anabolic steroids with reduced androgenic activity, was used by the American doctor John Ziegler in 1958. Since then, a new era in the use of doping has begun - the era of anabolic steroids. Steroids began to spread like a pestilence.

Biochemical “whips and spurs” (which boosted the body, but did not give it real additional resources) were soon replaced by long-acting drugs, often identical to natural physiological regulators - hormones - or created on their basis. Such, for example, is erythropoietin, which is fashionable today - a natural hormone that stimulates the maturation of red blood cells - erythrocytes.

The new generation of dopings also differed from their predecessors in that they were much more difficult to detect. Firstly, the required substance is obviously present in any organism. Since the timing of major competitions is always known in advance, a qualified physician can calculate the course of taking steroids so that the “window” (the period when there is no longer an excess of the hormone in the body, and the reduction in muscle mass has not yet begun) falls exactly on them. And outside of competitions, no one checks an athlete for doping.

However, at that time athletes and sports doctors were wary of the wonders of “big chemistry” precisely because they were foreign to the body, which made them relatively easy to detect.

It is not surprising that for some time the anti-doping services of world sports found themselves helpless in the face of this avalanche.

As you know, Soviet athletes began using doping in the training process in the early 50s of the last century. This was largely due to political reasons. Due to the confrontation between two systems - socialist and capitalist - demonstrating the advantages of one or another system required strong evidence. To achieve the goal, the fastest and most effective method was chosen - doping.

In 1972, a document was published "for official use" entitled "Anabolic Steroids and Athletic Performance." It provides precise descriptions of the dosages of the anabolic drugs Nerobol and Retabolil, which, in combination with precisely calculated timing of exposure, lead to an increase in muscle mass, improved recovery processes and increased endurance of the body.

Today, thousands and thousands of new drugs are synthesized every year in the world. Most of it never ends up in industrial production, as a rule, because of its high cost or potentially negative impact on the human body. The purpose of such laboratories is to meet the needs of leading athletes in the most prestigious Olympic sports - athletics and swimming.

Now a new round of the race begins: as soon as the control services found more or less acceptable answers to the “hormonal” and “blood” challenges, there was talk of “genetic doping.”

Judging by the publications and conclusions of the IOC MC, doping has been and is being used in all countries. The reason for this is the exorbitant desire to achieve prizes in competitions and the mercantile interests of athletes and coaches, sports organizations, and entire countries. Over the past ten years, a large number of articles and books have been published on this topic (especially in the USA), which describe the practical use of doping in sports. They have been translated into many languages, including Russian: see Reference material on doping: permitted and prohibited substances...

2. Characteristics

doping

The name “doping” comes from the English word “dope”, which means “to give a drug”. According to the definition of the medical commission of the International Olympic Committee, doping is the introduction into the body of athletes by any means (in the form of injections, tablets, inhalation, etc.) of pharmacological drugs that artificially increase performance and athletic performance. According to this definition, a drug can be considered doping only if it itself or its breakdown products can be determined in biological fluids of the body (blood, urine) with a high degree of accuracy and reliability.

Currently, doping agents include:

1. Stimulants (central nervous system stimulants, sympathomimetics, analgesics, for example, amphetamine, ephedrine, phenamine, caffeine, cocaine, etc.). The effect of stimulants is similar to the effect obtained from the action of adrenaline. In any organism there are always fuses that do not allow the reserves built into it to be completely used up. Stimulants remove them, so that under extremely high loads the athlete draws his strength from the “emergency reserve.”

2. Drugs (narcotic analgesics, for example, morphine, opiate alkaloids, promedol, fentanyl, etc.). These include morphine and its chemical and pharmacological analogues, which act on the central nervous system and reduce pain.

3. Anabolic steroid (testosterone and its derivatives, methane-drostenolone, retabolil, androdiol and many others) and other hormonal anabolic agents (somatotropin, gonadotropin, erythropoietin) . Chemicals that cause accelerated muscle growth and increased muscle strength. Unlike stimulants, which allow you to use the body's emergency reserves of strength, anabolic steroids increase these reserves and allow the athlete to withstand loads several times greater than usual.

4. Beta blockers (anaprimin (propranolol), oxprenolol, nadolol, atenolol, etc.). A group of drugs acting on the so-called beta receptors. As a result of use, the heart rate decreases and an antiarrhythmic effect is caused. Beta blockers are used by athletes to calm and reduce tremors in sports that require precise coordination, such as archery, shooting, and diving.

5. Diuretics (diuretics, for example, novorit, dichlorothiazide, furosemide (Lasix), clopamide, diacarb, veroshpiron, etc.). In some sports, particularly weightlifting, boxing, wrestling and others, diuretics are used for rapid weight loss. In bodybuilding, diuretics are used to improve muscle definition. In addition, diuretics are often used to reduce the concentration of other illicit drugs in the urine. This procedure is aimed at concealing the presence of doping agents in the body and therefore, naturally, is prohibited.

In addition, doping methods include:

1. Blood doping (taking blood from an athlete a certain period before the competition and infusing it back immediately before the start).

2. Pharmacological, chemical and mechanical manipulation of biological fluids (masking agents, adding aromatic compounds to urine samples, sample substitution, suppression of urine excretion by the kidneys).

There are also 4 classes of compounds that are subject to restrictions, even when taken for medicinal purposes:

1. Alcohol (tinctures based on ethyl alcohol).

2. Marijuana.

3. Local anesthetics.

4. Corticosteroids.

From the point of view of the achieved effect, sports dopings can be divided into 2 main groups:

1. Drugs used directly during competitions for short-term stimulation of the athlete’s performance, mental and physical tone.

2. Drugs used for a long time during the training process to build muscle mass and ensure the athlete’s adaptation to maximum physical activity.

It should be noted that among the classes of doping considered, anabolic steroids are most often used. In weightlifting, powerlifting, and bodybuilding, they are used by about 90% of men and 20% of women. In other sports they are used to a lesser extent (78% by football players, 40% by sprinters). In this case, the doses used can be many times higher than the recommended ones (5-10 mg) and reach 300 mg and even 2 g.

Today, doping has become one of the most pressing problems in the global sports movement. Doping scandals occur in front of billions of spectators and cause irreparable damage to the reputation of the state and the entire sport.

According to Interpol, the global turnover of doping agents exceeds that of drugs. In the Russian Federation there is a tendency towards the development of a similar situation. Unfortunately, in the eyes of the world community there is a stereotype that Russia is the world leader in the production and use of doping. Such suspicions are not groundless. The situation with anti-doping activities in our country is alarming: there is no formalized national anti-doping organization, there is no legislation on the topic of combating doping, there is no systematic information and educational work in the sports and youth environment. Together with the constant doping scandals involving Russian athletes, all of the above leads to the fact that the current situation is extremely unfavorable, damages the national image, and makes our sport practically defenseless against pressure from international anti-doping organizations.

In Moscow sports, the problem of doping is one of the most pressing. Recently, the proportion of young people involved in physical education and sports has increased significantly, while at the same time cases of the use of doping agents in children's and youth sports have become more frequent.

Selective anti-doping control carried out in some club teams in Moscow showed that a large number of athletes, including young ones, regularly use doping substances. The problem of the use of prohibited substances is especially acute among categories of athletes for whom doping control is not carried out.

About a third of the total number of doping agents are narcotic and psychotropic substances, which is directly related to the problem of drug addiction.

There is an urgent need for urgent measures to counter the spread of doping in sports, especially in children's and youth sports. First of all, it is necessary to develop and implement anti-doping information and educational programs. It is also important to organize anti-doping control at all stages of training for Moscow athletes.

According to existing practice, today in Russia anti-doping control is carried out exclusively in elite sports. The process of training athletes in educational institutions subordinate to the Department of Physical Culture and Sports of the City of Moscow and the Department of Education of the City of Moscow is outside the zone of anti-doping control.

To effectively combat doping in Moscow sports, it is necessary to combine the efforts of various departments: the Department of Physical Culture and Sports of the city of Moscow, the Department of Education of the city of Moscow, the Department of Health of the city of Moscow, the Office of the Federal Service of the Russian Federation for Drug Control in the city of Moscow and other interested organizations.

Anti-doping policy in the world.

The activities of national anti-doping organizations are based on the following international documents: the WADA World Anti-Doping Code, the UNESCO International Convention against Doping in Sport and the Council of Europe Anti-Doping Convention.

Recently, new accents have appeared in the activities of both WADA, the Council of Europe and UNESCO. These organizations are shifting the focus of their efforts from doping control itself to preventive measures to prevent the use of doping not only in professional sports, but also in society as a whole. For these purposes, participating countries are obliged to develop information and educational programs, conduct propaganda campaigns, take measures to combat doping trafficking, and also make changes to national legislation to provide legal support for the entire range of measures.

Countries that do not bring their sports infrastructure into line with these principles have their reputations compromised and risk being subject to repeated high-profile doping scandals, including in front of billions of spectators watching major sporting events, especially the Olympic Games.

In 2003, Russia signed the World Anti-Doping Code and the anti-doping rules of Russian sports were brought into compliance with this document. In 2006, Russia ratified the UNESCO International Convention against Doping in Sport. Russia actively participates in the work of the Council of Europe on anti-doping policy.

To maintain the leading positions of Moscow and Russia in world sports, especially with fierce competition for the right to host major international competitions, a radical modernization of the national anti-doping system in our country is necessary.

Elite sport and its anti-doping policy are a powerful tool for shaping the national image. The Department of Physical Culture and Sports of the city of Moscow, having taken the initiative to develop the Moscow comprehensive anti-doping program “Honest Sport”, is aware of the scale of the danger posed by doping.

The Moscow comprehensive anti-doping program “Honest Sport” was developed in accordance with the provisions of the UNESCO International Convention against Doping in Sports, the World Anti-Doping Code, and international standards for organizing anti-doping activities. The program recognizes the organizing role of the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) in the adoption of uniform standards and coordination of the anti-doping movement throughout the world, as well as the role of the official Russian anti-doping authorities of the Rossport system and the Russian Olympic Committee.

The target audience of the Program is students of sports educational institutions subordinate to the Department of Physical Culture and Sports of the city of Moscow, as well as sports doctors and coaches of the Moskomsport system.

To implement and coordinate the Program, the Department of Anti-Doping Monitoring and Prevention (OAMP) was created at the State Institution “CST Moskomsport”.

State Institution "CST Moskomsport" represented by OAMP coordinates the implementation of the Program, including assessment of the activities of sports organizations and institutions in the field of anti-doping, and provides annual reports on its work to the Department of Physical Culture and Sports of the city of Moscow, and also prepares changes and additions to this Program , if any are required.