Muscular aponeurotic layer of the head. Tendon helmet of the head. The structure of the flat bones of the skull of the head. Emissary veins of the head. Veins of the scalp. Surgical anatomy of the soft tissues of the head

Face culture-Circular lift without a scalpel: “Helmet” exercise

The muscles of the cranial vault and their role in maintaining a toned face

When we start doing gymnastics for the face and mentally prepare ourselves to make some kind of facial movements (squinting our eyes, opening our mouth wide, etc.), we usually forget about very important muscles that we consciously hardly use in everyday life. Thismuscles of the calvarium: fronto-occipital, temporal and auricular. However, the condition of our face primarily depends on them.

Look carefully at the drawing, try to feel all these muscles in yourself.

Move it frontalis muscleth (frontal belly of the fronto-occipital muscle, if we speak anatomically accurately). Raise your eyebrows and it will shrink, wrinkling the skin and forming transverse wrinkles. When you learn to pull your frontalis muscle upward, you will be able to raise your eyebrows in surprise without wrinkles. In addition, a toned and elastic frontalis muscle helps the eyebrows not to slide from their “native” place and thereby prevents the upper eyelid from drooping.

Perhaps for many it will be a revelation to existmuscles at the back of the head.Place your fingers on the occipital protrusion and slide up a centimeter - you will feel a rather thin layer of muscle under the skin. These muscles, when we teach them to contract consciously, will help us maintain the oval of our face in good condition.

About ear muscleseveryone knows, but most often they are considered rudimentary. Meanwhile, they can perfectly resist midface sagging. If you are unique and have been able to move your ears since childhood, great. If not, don't worry, it's easy to learn. It takes from a week to two months, but everyone’s ears begin to move. Let me note: moving our ears is not an end in itself for us. We need to awaken the ear muscles and teach them to stretch in the “back and up” direction. The movement of the ears themselves is simply a visible sign of muscle activity.

Temporalis musclesare responsible for the position of the outer third of the eyebrow and the outer part of the orbicularis oculi muscle. If the temporal muscles are trained, then the tips of the eyebrows will not droop, giving the face a sad expression, and it will be more difficult for crow’s feet to appear in the corners of the eyes.

Look at the drawing again. Try to feel the indicated muscles, transfer your attention to them one by one, feel them with your fingers. Now try to pull all the muscles simultaneously in the “back and up” direction. To make this easier, imagine that you have tied a tight ponytail at the back of your head. (As in the joke: “Doctor, why are my daughter’s eyes bulging? - And you loosen her braid!”) Watch yourself in the mirror: your face should seem to straighten out, smooth out, and brighten.

Important: Open your mouth slightly to avoid the temptation to clench your jaw!

Don’t be upset if your muscles haven’t responded yet: in the following posts I’ll tell you how to wake them up. The main thing to keep in mind is that attention is an amazing force that allows you to take control of many body systems. Muscles are made up of striated tissue that obeys the orders of the brain. So our job is just to remind the brain which muscles it needs to control. Therefore, now, along with exercises for posture, try once or twice a day to transfer your attention in turn to all the indicated muscles of the cranial vault and try to stretch them in the direction of the back of the head and the top of the head.

Exercise "String": correcting posture
Initial position:sit on the edge of the chair so that your weight rests evenly on your ischial tuberosities. Spread your knees to the width of your hips (more precisely, the centers of the knees - to the width of your hip joints, then the distance between the knees is approximately large enough to fit a large orange). The knees are bent at right angles, the heels are directly under the knees, the feet are slightly turned out to the sides in the shape of the letter V. The hands rest loosely on the hips.

Performance(go slowly, checking yourself at each step):

1. Pull your tailbone down and your pubic bone up. This way you will get rid of the bend in the lumbar area.

2. Mentally pull your navel up - don’t stick it out, just pull it. At the physical level, of course, there will be no movement, but the abdominal muscles will tighten.

3. Expand your chest. If this is difficult to do, gently smooth the sternum area with both hands - one moving up from the center of the breastbone and the other down. Stroking should be soft. Follow your feelings. Repeat the movement 5-10 times. There should be a feeling of greater straightening of the chest area and fullness of air.

4. Turn back and lower your shoulders. To make this easier, imagine that your hands are filled with hot honey and are pulling your shoulders behind you with their weight, literally turning them out of the shoulder joints.

5. Now imagine that your head is suspended by a golden cord towards the heavens. The cord is attached to the highest point of the skull - the one where you once had a fontanel. Benita Cantieni calls this point the “crown star.”

6. Pull the crown star up towards the sky (remembering that the shoulders are turned back and down, the chest is straightened, the tailbone and pubic bone are pulled down, the navel is pulled up). The chin looks forward freely without lifting up. The mouth is slightly open, the tip of the tongue is slightly pressed to the palate behind the upper teeth.

7. Feel how, between the tailbone and the crown star, the spine begins to stretch like a string and take its natural shape. Mentally “walk” along the entire spine from the tailbone to the base of the skull, trying to feel each vertebra.



Important:control your body position throughout the exercise. At first you may feel that it is impossible to keep your attention on your feet, knees, tailbone, navel, shoulders, neck and crown. Don't despair: attention and concentration are trained just like muscles. In just a week you will be able to pull yourself up in one movement.

This exercise, when performed regularly, allows you not only to correct posture and relieve hypertonicity of the pectoral and deep cervical muscles, but also to lengthen the neck, correct the jawline and oval of the face, soften the nasolabial folds and the line of the mouth.

Yes, that's another important thing. Thisthe exercise can (and even should!) be performed standing and on the go. Simply, when standing or walking, slightly turn the toes of your feet to the sides. Then do everything as described in points 2-7 (without smoothing the sternum with your palms). Do it as many times a day as you can remember! And don’t forget to praise yourself for remembering!

Activating the muscles of the cranial vault: basic exercises for face lifting

Ear Muscle Activation (“Elf”)
Can you imagine the pointed, movable ears of elves? Remember them when you do this exercise: the mental image will help you achieve better results.

Initial position:sitting or standing, the spine is straightened as in the “String” exercise

Gently place the pads of your fingers on the skin behind and above your ears. In this case, the thumb lies in the hole behind the ear, just below it; little finger - in the temporal fossa, the remaining fingers are distributed between them around the ear at the designated points (1 - thumb, 5 - little finger):

Performance:

2. Lower your hands, shake off the tension. Without using your hands, with just a mental order, try to move your ear muscles in the indicated direction. Pulse your muscles for another 30 seconds. Relax.

Note.To find the desired points, simply spread your fingertips in an arc around the ear and move your fingers lightly. The fingertips themselves will find comfortable “notches” and fall into them. Trust your feelings and don’t be afraid to position your fingers incorrectly - in this exercise, a shift of half a centimeter to one side or the other does not play a special role, the muscles will still feel the impulse.

Important!Finger movementslightest, the skin moves no more than 1-2 mm. Our job is not to dislodge the skin, but to remind the brain that the ear muscles exist and can be commanded to move. That's whyConcentrate your full attention on the muscles under your fingers. Feel them, feel the slight pressure of your fingertips, notice a warming or slight tingling in the muscles.

Activation of the temporal muscles

This is done similarly to the “Elf” exercise, but we place our fingers on the edge of hair growth in the temple area (see picture). The points are marked with numbers: 2 - index finger, 5 - little finger.

Initial position:sitting or standing, the spine is straightened as in the “String” exercise. Gently place your fingertips on the indicated points.

Performance:
1. Lightly pulse your fingers in the rhythm of your heart in the back-up direction, mentally sending the muscles an order to move (the direction is indicated in the picture by arrows). - 30 sec.
2. Lower your hands, shake off the tension. Without using your hands, with just a mental order, try to move the temporal muscles in the indicated direction. Pulse your muscles for another 30 seconds. Relax.

Note.You can see in the mirror how, at the moment of tightening the temporal muscles, the outer third of the eyebrows rises and the area of ​​the “crow’s feet” straightens. If you don’t see it, keep doing it anyway, everything will work out soon!

Important!Here, too, finger movements are the lightest, the skin moves no more than 1-2 mm. Concentrate your full attention on the muscles under your fingers. Feel them, feel the slight pressure of your fingertips, notice a warming or slight tingling in the muscles.

Activation of the fronto-occipital muscle

Starting position: sitting or standing, the spine is straightened as in the “String” exercise. Gently place the fingertips of your right hand on the hairline on your forehead (see dots in the picture). Distribute the pads of the fingers of your left hand along the line of the occipital belly of the muscle - above the occipital protrusion (rumble in the hair, the fingers will find the correct position themselves). For lefties, switch hands.

Performance:
1. Lightly pulse your fingers in the rhythm of your heart in the upward direction, towards the top of the head, towards each other, mentally sending the muscles an order to move (the direction is indicated in the picture by arrows). - 30 sec.
2. Lower your hands, shake off the tension. Without using your hands, with just a mental order, try to move the muscles to the top of your head. Pulse your muscles for another 30 seconds. Relax.

Note.Imagine as if a tight band is tied on the top of your head and you are being gently pulled by it, causing the muscles to also stretch.

Important!Don’t forget: we move our fingers very easily, we hardly see any real displacement of the skin. But we feel the maximum desire of the muscles to stretch and pull up.

The exercises described here can beperform 5-6 times a week, that is, almost every day. Execution time - first 30-60 seconds for each type of muscle, then you can increase the time to 90 seconds.

Attention!Any exercises in the “face culture” systemIt is strictly not recommended to do it in front of the TV!During exercises, all attention should be directed to the working muscles. Therefore, try to do exercises in front of a mirror,completely concentrating on the movements and on your sensations.

By the way, for those who have a good feel for the muscles of the cranial vault, it also wouldn’t hurt to remind them at least two or three times a week in which direction to stretch. Because conscious work with muscles is radically different from unconscious movement.

Ideally, we should always “wear” these muscles slightly pulled back and up in order to successfully prevent facial sagging.

Circular lift without a scalpel: “Helmet” exercise
Description of the “Helmet” - a key (together with the “String”) gymnastics exercise for the face. This is the first time this exercise has been described in detail.Benita Cantienisometimes one “Helmet” and “String” is enough to slow down or even reverse age-related changes. And if you master the “Helmet” in your youth, then by the age of 45 you will completely forget about such problems as drooping eyebrows, drooping eyelids, flat cheekbones, nasolabial lips, dull corners of the lips and jowls.

Initial position: sitting or standing, the spine is straightened as in the “String” exercise. The tip of the tongue rests on the palate behind the upper teeth, the jaws are slightly open, the lips are relaxed

Performance:mentally pull all the muscles of the cranial vault towards the top of the head. Feel how the frontal and occipital bellies of the supracranial muscle shift upward, how the tendon helmet (aponeurosis) contracts, how the temporal muscle strives upward, the ear muscles stretch up and back, the occipital belly tenses and stretches towards the top of the head, dragging the muscles of the back of the neck with it. Imagine a knitted hat-helmet that softly but tightly covers the head and, as if shrinking right on the head, pulls the fabric upward. “Pull the helmet”, feeling the tension of all the muscles to the highest point of the skull:


Quantity:Hold the tension for 10 to 20 seconds, relax the muscles. Do 3 to 10 repetitions, depending on your fitness level. When finishing the exercise, try not to relax the muscles completely, leaving them in a slight tension - in tone - and feeling how the facial muscles remain in a taut position.

Important!Help yourself with images: imagine that you have a very tight ponytail tied on the top of your head. You can even actually tie it to feel the stretch in the muscles. By training day after day, you will feel the real movement of the muscles that pull all the facial tissues upward. You will be able to see the muscle shift in the mirror.

Safety precautions:do not clench your jaw, do not tense your mouth and neck, do not squint your eyes. Only those muscles that are described work. Once you learn to follow this, you can perform the “Helmet” without a mirror.

Result.This is one of the safest and most effective exercises that perfectly tightens the entire face, correcting the forehead, the lateral part of the orbicularis oculi muscle, the oval of the face, the condition of the cheek muscles and removing the double chin. Enhances the positive effects of other exercises; comparable to circular lifting in plastic surgery.
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“Helmet” can be done daily, anytime and anywhere. If you don’t have time for a gymnastics complex, just “pull on the helmet” - and your face will already be transformed.

• The tendon helmet (lat. Galea aponeurotica) covers the cranial vault. A tendon cap is a tendon stretch common to two pairs of muscles: the frontalis and occipitalis. In the lateral sections, the aponeurosis gradually becomes thinner, passes into the temporal region and is then lost in the tissue of the cheek.

  The tendon cap is the central part of the supracranial muscle. It has characteristic topographical and anatomical features that determine the specificity of wounds in the soft tissues of the head.

  The tendon helmet is tightly fused to the scalp. The subcutaneous fatty tissue between the skin and the tendon helmet is pierced by numerous fibrous bridges connecting the skin to the tendon layer. Therefore, the skin here cannot be gathered into folds, and on the cut, lumps of fatty tissue appear in the form of lobules. These bridges are most closely related to the adventitia of the blood vessels of the region. The vessels, fused by their adventitia, gape during an surgical incision or wound and do not collapse, which causes severe and prolonged bleeding even with minor wounds of the scalp.

  The lower surface of the tendon stretch is adjacent to a layer of loose fiber. Thanks to this circumstance, when the frontal and occipital muscles contract, the helmet, along with the skin and hair, easily moves. In medicine, such topographic-anatomical relationships explain the mechanism of scalp wounds. In case of injury involving the tendon cap, hair getting into parts of moving mechanisms, etc. situations, the galea aponeurotica, together with the skin and hair, peels off from the cranial vault, forming a scalped wound.

Related concepts

Mentions in literature

Subcutaneous tissue is strong, rough, cellular, granular. Contains many strong dense fibers (vertical and oblique), many sweat glands. Vessels and nerves pass through this layer. Muscular aponeurotic layer - consists of the frontal muscle in front, the occipital muscle in the back and the connective muscle tendon helmet(galea aponeuroxica). The tendon helmet is tightly connected to the skin, but loosely connected to the periosteum, so scalp wounds are common on the vault of the skull (the covering tissues peel off from the periosteum). Due to the good blood supply to the soft tissues of the skull, such wounds heal well with timely assistance. Subgaleal tissue is very loose. If hematomas and inflammatory processes occur in the subcutaneous tissue, they do not spread. The same processes in the subgaleal tissue are distributed throughout the head - from behind - to the upper nuchal line (l. nuchae supperior), in front - to the superciliary arches, from the side - to the upper temporal line. The periosteum is connected to the bones of the skull with the help of loose subperiosteal tissue. But in the area of ​​the sutures, the periosteum is tightly connected to the bone, there is no fiber there. Therefore, subperiosteal hematomas and inflammatory processes have sharply defined edges corresponding to the line of bone sutures, and do not extend beyond the boundaries of one bone (for example, birth hematomas). The bones of the cranial vault consist of outer and inner plates (lamina externa ex interna - also known as lamina vitrea - “glass”), between which there is a spongy substance - diploе. With injuries of the cranial vault, there is often a fracture of the inner plate while the outer one is intact.

Related Concepts (continued)

The supraspinatus muscle (lat. Musculus supraspinatus) is triangular, completely fills the supraspinatus fossa of the scapula, starting from its walls. The muscle bundles, converging into a narrower part of the muscle, are directed outward. They then pass under the acromion and attach to the greater tuberosity of the humerus. The terminal tendon of the supraspinatus muscle fuses with the posterior surface of the shoulder joint. When contracting, the muscle retracts the capsule, preventing it from being pinched.

The linea alba is a fibrous structure of the anterior abdominal wall located along the midline in humans and other vertebrates. The color of the structure is due to the fact that it is formed mainly by connective tissue collagen.

The subcutaneous muscle of the neck (lat. Platysma), in the form of a thin muscle plate, is located under the skin of the neck, merging tightly with it. The muscle bundles of this muscle, starting in the chest area at the level of the second rib, are directed upward and medially. At the edge of the lower jaw, the medial muscle bundles intertwine with the bundles of the muscle of the same name on the opposite side and are attached to the edge of the lower jaw; Laterally, the muscle bundles pass to the face, where the fascia of the parotid gland and chewing gland are woven, reaching the corner of the mouth.

The epicranial muscle (lat. m. epicranius) is one of the facial muscles of the head, covering almost the entire cranial vault and associated with the tendon helmet (lat. galea aponeurotica).

The ciliary (ciliary) body (lat. corpus ciliare from lat. cilia - cilia) is part of the middle (choroid) membrane of the eye, which serves to suspend the lens and ensure the process of accommodation. In addition, the ciliary body is involved in the production of aqueous humor in the chambers of the eye and acts as a thermal collector of the eye.

Tendon is a formation of connective tissue, the terminal structure of striated muscles, with the help of which they are attached to the bones of the skeleton.

The temporomandibular joint (lat. articulátio temporomandibularis) is a paired diarthrosis on the skull that connects the lower jaw to the base of the skull. Formed by the head of the mandibular bone and the mandibular fossa of the temporal bone. A unique formation of the joint is the intra-articular disc (lat. díscus articuláris), which, fused with the joint capsule, divides the cavity of the articular capsule into two separate sections.

Aponeurosis (ancient Greek ἀπο- - a prefix meaning removal or separation, completion, reversal or return, negation, termination, transformation + νεῦρον “vein, tendon, nerve”) - a wide tendon plate formed from dense collagen and elastic fibers . The aponeuroses have a shiny, white-silver appearance. In terms of histological structure, aponeuroses are similar to tendons, but are practically devoid of blood vessels and nerve endings. From a clinical point of view, the most significant...

Trepanation of the mastoid process (also antrotomy, lat. mastoidotomia, antrotomia) is a surgical operation of opening the air cells of the mastoid process of the temporal bone, including the mastoid cave (lat. antrum mastoideum) in order to remove purulent exudate and granulations with subsequent drainage of the wound.

The ethmoid bone (lat. os ethmoidale) is an unpaired bone of the human brain that separates the nasal cavity from the cranial cavity. It has a close to cubic shape and a cellular structure. The name comes from the Greek word. ηθμοειδες - “lattice” and is associated with the similarity of the cellular structure of the bone with a lattice.

A rupture (Latin ruptura - rupture or fracture) is damage to soft tissues caused by force in the form of sudden traction and disrupting their anatomical continuity (integrity).

Tracheostomy (Latin tracheostomia, from ancient Greek τραχεῖα - windpipe and στóμα - hole, passage) is a surgical operation to form a temporary or persistent anastomosis of the tracheal cavity with the environment (stoma - fistula), carried out by introducing a cannula into the trachea or suturing tracheal walls to the skin. As a result, air flow into the respiratory tract is ensured.

Processes of the ciliary body, or Ciliary processes (lat. processus ciliares) - numerous projections on the anterior inner surface of the ciliary body, responsible for the formation of aqueous humor of the eye. Place of attachment of the ligament of cinnamon.

The Achilles tendon or heel tendon (lat. tendo calcaneus) is the most powerful and strong tendon in the human body, can withstand tensile strength of up to 350 kilograms, and in some cases more. Despite this, it is one of the most commonly injured tendons. The origin of the name “Achilles tendon” is believed to be the myth of Achilles.

The sternocleidomastoid muscle (lat. Musculus sternocleidomastoideus) is located behind the subcutaneous muscle of the neck. It is a rather thick and slightly flattened cord that obliquely spirals across the neck from the mastoid process to the sternoclavicular joint. The muscle begins with two heads: the lateral one - from the sternal end of the clavicle and the medial one - from the anterior surface of the manubrium of the sternum.

The circular muscle of the eye (lat. m. orbicularis oculi) is one of the facial muscles of the head, located under the skin, and which covers the anterior sections of the orbit.

The cervical plexus (lat. plexus cervicalis) is a nerve plexus, a paired formation formed by the anterior branches of the four upper cervical spinal nerves, connected by three arcuate loops. It is located on the anterolateral surface of the deep muscles of the neck (the levator scapulae muscle, the medial scalene muscle, the splenius muscle of the neck) at the level of the four upper cervical vertebrae. In front and on the side it is covered by the sternocleidomastoid muscle.

The human skull (lat. cranium) is the bony frame of the head, a collection of bones. The human skull is formed by 23 bones (of which 8 are paired and 7 unpaired), in addition to which in the cavity of the middle ear there are three more paired auditory ossicles - the malleus, the incus and the stapes, as well as 32 (28, 20; 4 x 8, 7 or 5) teeth on the upper and lower jaws.

The dura mater (Latin dura mater, Greek pachymeninx) is one of the three membranes covering the brain and spinal cord. It is located most superficially, above the pia mater and arachnoid mater.

Shoulder (lat. brachium) - in an anatomical sense, the most proximal segment of the arm, attached to the body through the shoulder joint.

The parotid-masticatory region (lat. regio parotideomasseterica) is a paired anatomical region of the human face, located posterior to the buccal region. Named after the largest anatomical formations in this area - the parotid salivary gland and the masticatory muscle. The upper border of the parotid-masticatory region is the zygomatic arch, the lower - the angle and lower edge of the lower jaw. The border between the parotid-masticatory and buccal regions is the anterior edge of the masticatory muscle, determined by palpation...

Nerve (lat. nervus) - an integral part of the nervous system; a sheathed structure consisting of a plexus of bundles of nerve fibers (mainly represented by the axons of neurons and their supporting neuroglia), allowing the transmission of signals between the brain and spinal cord and organs. The totality of all the nerves of the body forms the peripheral nervous system. Adjacent nerves can form nerve plexuses. Large nerves are called nerve trunks. Further from the brain, the nerves branch into...

Sternotomy (from ancient Greek στέρνον - sternum, chest and τομή - incision, dissection) is a surgical operation consisting of dissecting the sternum; is performed to provide access to the organs and pathological formations of the anterior mediastinum: the heart, large blood vessels extending from it, and others. It is one of the thoracic approaches in thoracic surgery, providing for penetration into the chest organs through the chest wall (in contrast to extrathoracic and combined approaches...

The internal oblique muscle of the abdomen (lat. musculus obliquus internus abdominis) is flat, representing a wide muscle-tendon plate, which is located directly under the external oblique muscle of the abdomen, constituting the second muscular layer of the abdominal wall. The muscle begins with muscle bundles on the intermediate line of the iliac crest, the thoracolumbar fascia and the lateral half of the inguinal ligament. Fan-shaped, the muscle bundles are attached to the outer surface of the cartilage of the lower ribs...

The calf muscle (lat. Musculus gastrocnemius) is a biceps muscle on the back of the human leg. Located above the soleus muscle, together with which it is attached to the heel through the thick Achilles tendon.

Bone is a hard organ of a living organism. It consists of several tissues, the most important of which is bone. Bone performs supporting mechanical and protective functions, is an integral part of the endoskeleton of vertebrates, produces red and white blood cells, and stores minerals. Bone tissue is one of the types of dense connective tissue.

The wrist joint (lat. articulátio radiocárpea) is a movable connection of the bones of the human forearm and hand. Formed by the expanded and concave carpal articular surface of the radius and the distal (located further from the body) surface of the triangular cartilaginous disc, representing a concave articular surface articulating with the convex proximal (located closer to the body) articular surface of the bones of the first row of the wrist: scaphoid, lunate and triquetrum.

Thoracotomy (from ancient Greek θώραξ - chest and τομή - incision, dissection) is a surgical operation consisting of opening the chest through the chest wall to examine the contents of the pleural cavity or perform surgical interventions on the lungs, heart or other organs located in the chest cage. It is one of the thoracic approaches in thoracic surgery, providing for penetration into the chest organs through the chest wall (as opposed to extrathoracic and combined...

The temporoparietal muscle (lat. m. temporoparietalis) is a rudimentary muscle located on the lateral surface of the skull, relatively weakly expressed.

The pectoralis minor muscle (lat. musculus pectoralis minor) is a small triangular-shaped muscle located in the upper part of the chest under the pectoralis major muscle.

(fibrous cartilage tissue, lat. textus cartilagineus fibrosa) - a type of cartilage tissue; located in the intervertebral discs, semi-mobile joints, symphysis of the pubic symphysis, in the places of transition of fibrous connective tissue (tendons, ligaments) into hyaline cartilage, where limited movements are accompanied by strong tensions.

The subscapularis muscle (lat. Musculus subscapularis) is a flat triangular muscle consisting of individual muscle bundles, between which there are fascial layers. The base of the triangle lies parallel to the medial edge of the scapula, and the apex is formed by converging muscle bundles and is directed towards the humerus. There are two layers in the muscle - superficial and deep. Deep bundles begin from the subscapular fossa of the scapula, and superficial bundles begin from the subscapular fascia, which is attached...

The human skeleton (ancient Greek σκελετος - “dried”) is a set of bones of the human body, the passive part of the musculoskeletal system. Serves as a support for soft tissues, a point of application of muscles (a system of levers), a container and protection for internal organs. Skeletal bone tissue develops from mesenchyme.

(lat. ligamentum) - a dense formation of connective tissue that holds together parts of the skeleton or internal organs.

The transverse abdominal muscle (lat. Musculus transversus abdominis), located under the internal oblique abdominal muscle, is a thin muscle-tendon plate with a transverse direction of muscle bundles. The muscle begins on the inner surface of the VII-XII ribs (here its muscle teeth are wedged between the teeth of the costal part of the diaphragm), the inner lip of the iliac crest, the thoracolumbar fascia, the lateral third of the inguinal ligament. The bundles go horizontally forward and, without reaching the outer...

Synchondrosis (lat. junctura (articulátio) cartilagínea from ancient Greek σύν- - with and χόνδρος - cartilage) is an elastic continuous connection of bones through cartilaginous tissue, a type of articular articulation in which the fixed ends of the bones are connected by hyaline cartilage. An example of such a joint would be the junction of the ribs with the sternum or the junction of the body of the sphenoid bone with the main part (lat. pars basiláris) of the occipital bone. As people age, this type of articular joint undergoes...

The gluteus maximus muscle (lat. gluteus maximus) is the largest muscle of the three gluteal muscles, located closest to the surface. It makes up a large part of the shape and appearance of the buttocks.

The diaphragm (lat. diaphragma, from ancient Greek διάφραγμα septum) is an unpaired muscle that separates the chest and abdominal cavities, serving to expand the lungs. Conventionally, its border can be drawn along the lower edge of the ribs. It is formed by a system of striated muscles, which, apparently, are derivatives of the rectus abdominis muscle system. Characteristic only of mammals and crocodiles. The presence of a diaphragm allows you to sharply intensify ventilation of the lungs.

Accessory nerve (lat. nervus accessorius) - XI pair of cranial nerves. Contains motor nerve fibers that innervate the muscles responsible for turning the head, raising the shoulder and adducting the scapula to the spine.

Table of contents of the topic "Head. Caput. Topography of the head. Scheme of cranial topography.":

Muscular aponeurotic layer of the head. Tendon helmet of the head. The structure of the flat bones of the skull of the head. Emissary veins of the head. Veins of the scalp.

Behind the subcutaneous tissue of the head follows the muscular aponeurotic layer, consisting of the occipitofrontal muscle, m. occipitofrontalis, with the frontal and occipital bellies and the broad tendon plate connecting these muscles: the tendon helmet, galea aponeurotica. As already noted, the tendon helmet is firmly connected to the skin, but loosely connected to the deeper layer - the periosteum (Fig. 5.2).

This explains that calvarial wounds are often scalped. The triad of tissues - skin, subcutaneous tissue and tendon helmet - is completely exfoliated from the bones of the cranial vault over a greater or lesser extent. Although scalp wounds are serious injuries, with timely assistance they heal well due to the abundant blood supply to the soft tissues.

Fiber of the head under galea aponeurotica loose. It is called the sub-neurotic cellular space, which spreads widely on the cranial vault: anteriorly - to the attachment of the frontal abdomen m. occipitofrontalis to the supraorbital margin, posteriorly - to the attachment of the occipital belly of this muscle to the superior nuchal line. On the sides, the sheets of the tendon helmet grow together with the superficial fascia of the temporal region. Along the line of attachment of the temporal muscle, the deep layer of the tendon helmet firmly fuses with the periosteum, delimiting the subgaleal space on the sides.

Between periosteum and outer plate of the bones of the cranial vault there is also loose fiber (subperiosteal). However, along the suture line, the periosteum firmly fuses with them and cannot be detached.

Features anatomical structure of the layers of the cranial vault explains the various forms of hematomas due to his bruises. Thus, subcutaneous hematomas bulge in the form of a “bump” due to the fact that blood is not able to spread in the subcutaneous tissue due to fibrous bridges between the skin and the tendon helmet; subgaleal hematomas - flat, diffuse, without sharp boundaries; subperiosteal hematomas have sharply defined edges corresponding to the attachment of the periosteum along the line of bone sutures.

The structure of the flat bones of the skull of the head

The structure of the flat bones of the skull has features. They consist of two plates of compact bone substance: a strong outer one, lamina externa, and a less elastic, fragile inner one, lamina interna (“vitreous” - lamina vitrea). In the frontal region, under the outer plate, there is an air-bearing sinus of the frontal bone, sinus frontalis, lined with mucous membrane.

For skull injuries, the inner plate often damaged more significantly and over a greater extent than the outer plate. Often the inner plate breaks, but the outer one remains intact.

Emissary veins of the head. Veins of the scalp.

Between the records there is a spongy substance - diploe, in which numerous diploic veins are located. Diploic veins are connected both with the veins of the integument, which make up the extracranial venous system, and with the venous sinuses of the dura mater - the intracranial venous system. This communication occurs through the so-called graduates (emissarium) - holes in the corresponding bones where the emissary veins pass. Of these, the most constant are v. emissaria parietalis, v. emissaria occipitalis, v. emissaria condilaris and v. emissaria mastoidea. The latter is usually the largest and opens into the transverse or sigmoid sinus. V. emissaria parietalis opens into the superior sagittal sinus. The parietal emissaries (exit points of the w. emissariae parietales) are located on the sides of the sagittal suture anterior and posterior to the biauricular line drawn from the opening of the right external auditory canal to the left.

Veins of the soft tissues of the fornix, intraosseous and intracranial veins form a single system in which the direction of blood flow changes due to changes in intracranial pressure.

Connections between the extracranial and intracranial venous systems make it possible for the infection to transfer from the integument of the skull to the meninges (for example, with boils, carbuncles of the back of the head) with the subsequent development of meningitis (inflammation of the meninges), sinus thrombosis and other severe complications.

Thus, certain features can be noted both arterial blood supply and venous outflow from the tissues of the fronto-parieto-occipital region.

Video lesson on topographic anatomy of the frontal, parietal, occipital regions of the head

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Head muscles

The muscles of the head are divided into the muscles of the face, mastication, suboccipital (see "Muscles of the back") and muscles of the head organs(discussed in the relevant sections).

Facial muscles

Facial muscles (Fig. 1-3) are thin muscle bundles that start from the bones and are attached to the skin or lie entirely in the soft tissues of the face. When contracted, they move the skin of the face and give the face a certain expression. This change in the face is called facial expressions (Fig. 4, 5). Facial muscles are also involved in articulation, chewing, etc. They are grouped around natural openings and expand or narrow them: if the muscle is located circularly, then it narrows the opening, if radially, then it expands. All these muscles are innervated by the VII pair of cranial nerves (facial nerve).

Rice. 1.

1 - anterior ear muscle; 2 - frontal belly of the occipitofrontal muscle; 3 - orbital part of the orbicularis oculi muscle; 4 - century-old part of the orbicularis oculi muscle; 5 - muscle of the proud; 6 - muscle that lifts the upper lip and wing of the nose; 7 - muscle that lifts the upper lip; 8— zygomatic minor muscle; 9 - transverse part of the nasal muscle; 10 - labial part of the orbicularis oris muscle; 11 - marginal part of the orbicularis oris muscle; 12 - muscle that lowers the lower lip; 13— muscle that lowers the angle of the mouth; 14—subcutaneous muscle of the neck; 15—muscle of laughter; 16 - zygomaticus major muscle; 17 - chewing fascia; 18 — parotid salivary gland (partially removed); 19 - parotid fascia; 20 - posterior auricular muscle; 21 - occipital belly of the occipitofrontal muscle; 22 — tendon helmet; 23 - superior auricular muscle; 24 - temporoparietal muscle

Rice. 2. Facial muscles and masticatory muscles, right view (superficial structures partially removed):

1 - temporal muscle; 2—frontal belly of the occipitofrontal muscle; 3 - muscle that wrinkles the eyebrow; 4 - orbicularis oculi muscle; 5 - muscle of the proud; 6 - muscle that lifts the upper lip and wing of the nose; 7—transverse part of the nasal muscle; 8 - wing part of the nasal muscle; 9 - muscle that lowers the nasal septum; 10— muscle that lifts the angle of the mouth; 11 - orbicularis oris muscle; 12—mentalis muscle; 13— muscle that lowers the lower lip; 14— muscle that lowers the angle of the mouth; 15—submandibular salivary gland; 16—sternocleidomastoid muscle; 17— buccal muscle; 18 - chewing muscle; 19 - parotid salivary gland; 20 - parotid duct; 21 - fatty body of the cheek; 22 - zygomaticus major; 23 - posterior auricular muscle; 24 - occipital belly of the occipitofrontal muscle; 25 - zygomatic minor muscle; 26 - deep layer of the temporal fascia; 27 - superficial layer of the temporal fascia; 28 - tendon helmet

Rice. 3.

1 — tendon helmet; 2 - frontal belly of the occipitofrontal muscle; ! - corrugator muscle; 4 - muscle that lifts the upper lip; 5 - muscle that lifts the angle of the mouth; 6— chewing muscle; 7— buccal muscle; 8, 12—muscle depressor anguli oris; 9—mentalis muscle; 10 - muscle that lowers the lower lip; 11 - orbicularis oris muscle; 13 - muscle of laughter; 14 - zygomaticus major muscle; 15 - zygomatic minor muscle; 16 - orbicularis oculi muscle; 17 - medial century ligament; 18 - muscle of the proud

Rice. 4. Expressions of different emotions

Rice. 5. Four most important emotions: 1—disgust; 2 - anger; 3 - fear; 4 - contempt

Muscles of the cranial vault

1. Epicranial muscle(i.e. epicranius) has three parts. Central is tendon helmet (galea aponeurotica), firmly connected to the scalp and loosely connected to the periosteum of the cranial vault. The helmet is an aponeurosis occipitofrontal muscle(t. occipitofrontalis), consisting of two abdomens. Frontal abdomen (venter frontalis) starts from the tendon helmet and attaches to the skin of the face in the eyebrow area; occipital abdomen (venter occipitalis) starts from the superior nuchal line and the base of the mastoid process, attaches to the tendon helmet.

Function: gathers the skin of the forehead into transverse folds.

2. Temporoparietal muscle(i.e. temporoparietalis) begins on the inner surface of the cartilage of the auricle, attaches to the lateral part of the tendon helmet.

The function is not expressed.

3. Anterior, superior and posterior auricular muscles (vol. auriculares anterior, superior et posterior) have a rudimentary structure in humans and, as a rule, do not function.

Human anatomy S.S. Mikhailov, A.V. Chukbar, A.G. Tsybulkin